<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">inovmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Инновационная медицина Кубани</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Innovative Medicine of Kuban</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9897</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Institute – Ochapovsky Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35401/2541-9897-2025-10-1-56-62</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">inovmed-1066</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Показатели клеточного иммунитета у больных мелкоклеточным раком легкого при наличии и отсутствии циркулирующих опухолевых клеток</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cellular Immunity in Patients With Small Cell Lung Cancer in Presence and Absence of Circulating Tumor Cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0645-0937</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хомидов</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khomidov</surname><given-names>Mekhrullokhodzha A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хомидов Мехруллоходжа Абдусудурович, аспирант</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mekhrullokhodzha A. Khomidov, Postgraduate Student</p><p>ulitsa 14 Liniya 63, Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mehrullo-h-94@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1410-122X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Златник</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zlatnik</surname><given-names>Elena Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Златник Елена Юрьевна, д. м. н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории иммунофенотипирования опухолей</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena Y. Zlatnik, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Principal Researcher, Laboratory of Tumor Immunophenotyping</p><p>ulitsa 14 Liniya 63, Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6496-9641</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новикова</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikova</surname><given-names>Inna A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новикова Инна Арнольдовна, д. м. н., заместитель генерального директора по науке</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Inna A. Novikova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Deputy General Director for Science</p><p>ulitsa 14 Liniya 63, Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0640-2994</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Харагезов</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Haragezov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Харагезов Дмитрий Акимович, к. м. н., онколог, заведующий отделением торакальной хирургии</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitriy A. Haragezov, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Oncologist, Head of the Thoracic Surgery Division</p><p>ulitsa 14 Liniya 63, Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2572-1624</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лейман</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lejman</surname><given-names>Igor A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лейман Игорь Александрович, к. м. н., врач-онколог отделения торакальной хирургии</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor A. Lejman, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Oncologist, Thoracic Surgery Division</p><p>ulitsa 14 Liniya 63, Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5287-5800</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Айрапетова</surname><given-names>Т. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ayrapetova</surname><given-names>Tamara G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Айрапетова Тамара Георгиевна, к. м. н., врач-хирург отделения торакальной онкологии</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tamara G. Ayrapetova, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Surgeon, Thoracic Oncology Division</p><p>ulitsa 14 Liniya 63, Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4513-7548</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Статешный</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stateshnyy</surname><given-names>Oleg N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Статешный Олег Николаевич, онколог отделения торакальной хирургии,</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oleg N. Stateshnyy, Oncologist, Thoracic Surgery Division</p><p>ulitsa 14 Liniya 63, Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2589-7606</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Милакин</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Milakin</surname><given-names>Anton G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Милакин Антон Григорьевич, онколог отделения торакальной хирургии</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton G. Milakin, Oncologist, Thoracic Surgery Division</p><p>ulitsa 14 Liniya 63, Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0328-9714</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мирзоян</surname><given-names>Э. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mirzoyan</surname><given-names>Ellada A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мирзоян Эллада Арменовна, к. м. н., лаборант-исследователь торакального отделения, онколог отделения торакальной онкологии</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ellada A. Mirzoyan, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Laboratory Research Technician, Thoracic Oncology Division</p><p>ulitsa 14 Liniya 63, Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5351-3251</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иозефи</surname><given-names>К. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yozef</surname><given-names>Kristian D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иозефи Кристиан Дмитриевич, аспирант</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kristian D. Yozefi, Postgraduate Student</p><p>ulitsa 14 Liniya 63, Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6449-7026</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антонян</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Antonyan</surname><given-names>Arthur A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Антонян Артур Андрясович, аспирант</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Arthur A. Antonyan, Postgraduate Student</p><p> ulitsa 14 Liniya 63, Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4982-5491</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеев</surname><given-names>Э. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseev</surname><given-names>Eduard K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексеев Эдуард Константинович, ординатор</p><p>344037, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. 14-я линия, 63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Eduard K. Alekseev, Resident</p><p> ulitsa 14 Liniya 63, Rostov-on-Don, 344037</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Medical Research Center for Oncology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>56</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хомидов М.А., Златник Е.Ю., Новикова И.А., Харагезов Д.А., Лейман И.А., Айрапетова Т.Г., Статешный О.Н., Милакин А.Г., Мирзоян Э.А., Иозефи К.Д., Антонян А.А., Алексеев Э.К., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хомидов М.А., Златник Е.Ю., Новикова И.А., Харагезов Д.А., Лейман И.А., Айрапетова Т.Г., Статешный О.Н., Милакин А.Г., Мирзоян Э.А., Иозефи К.Д., Антонян А.А., Алексеев Э.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khomidov M.A., Zlatnik E.Y., Novikova I.A., Haragezov D.A., Lejman I.A., Ayrapetova T.G., Stateshnyy O.N., Milakin A.G., Mirzoyan E.A., Yozef K.D., Antonyan A.A., Alekseev E.K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.innovmedkub.ru/jour/article/view/1066">https://www.innovmedkub.ru/jour/article/view/1066</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность: Важным этапом гематогенного метастазирования злокачественных опухолей является циркуляция опухолевых клеток. Мелкоклеточный рак легкого (МРЛ) считается наиболее агрессивной формой рака легкого, при котором определяется наибольшее количество циркулирующих опухолевых клеток. Цель: Оценка наличия и количества циркулирующих опухолевых клеток как фактора иммуносупрессии при мелкоклеточном раке легкого.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы иметоды</title><p>Материалы иметоды: У 30 больных МРЛ III–IV стадии до начала лечения проводили детекцию циркулирующих опухолевых клеток с использованием системы CellSearch (Veridex LLC, Бельгия); группу делили на подгруппы с наличием и без наличия циркулирующих опухолевых клеток. Оценку Т-лимфоцитарного и NK-клеточного звеньев иммунной системы осуществляли методом проточной цитометрии. Результаты показали, что наличие циркулирующих опухолевых клеток у больных мелкоклеточным раком легкого сопровождалось низким уровнем NK-лимфоцитов, экспрессирующих CD335+, Granzyme B и Perforin, и более низкими уровнями Т-хелперов с маркерами ранней активации (СD38 и СD69). Более низкие уровни активированных цитотоксических лимфоцитов СD8+СD69+ отмечены при наиболее высоком уровне циркулирующих опухолевых клеток (выше 50). Таким образом, снижение количественных и функциональных показателей Т-и NK-клеток при наличии циркулирующих опухолевых клеток можно расценивать как один из факторов иммуносупрессии у больных мелкоклеточным раком легкого.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: Присутствие циркулирующих опухолевых клеток, вне зависимости от их количества в крови больных МРЛ, характеризуется угнетением врожденного звена иммунной системы в виде снижения функциональной активности NK-клеток, и, даже при сохранении общего количества естественных киллеров, приводит к уменьшению их противоопухолевого потенциала, что нередко наблюдается при распространенном опухолевом процессе. Сходная картина отмечена и при анализе состояния адаптивного иммунитета, а именно, Т-клеточного звена.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение: Наличие циркулирующих опухолевых клеток у больных МРЛ можно расценивать как один из факторов иммуносупрессии у этих больных.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play an important role in hematogenous metastasis of malignant tumors. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive form of lung cancer with the highest number of detected CTCs.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: To evaluate the presence and number of CTCs as an immunosuppression factor in SCLC.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods: In 30 patients with stage III-IV SCLC, CTCs were detected using the CellSearch system (Veridex LLC, Belgium) before treatment. The participants were divided into groups based on presence of CTCs. Flow cytometry was used to assess T- and natural killer (NK)-cellular components of the immune system and revealed that the CTC presence in patients with SCLCwas accompanied by low levels of NK cells expressing CD335+, granzyme B, and perforin and lower levels of helper T cells with markers of early activation (CD38 and CD69). Lower levels of CD8+CD69+ activated cytotoxic T cells were observed with the highest level of CTCs (&gt;50). Thus, a decrease in the quantitative and functional parameters of T and NK cells in presence of CTCs can be regarded as one of the immunosuppression factors in patients with SCLC.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: The presence of CTCs, regardless of their number in the blood of patients with SCLC, is characterized by suppression of the innate immune system: decreased functional activity of NK cells, which, even with the preservedtotal number of NK cells, leads to a decrease in their antitumor potential and is often observed in case of widespread metastases. A similar pattern was noted in the analysis of the adaptive immune system, namely, the T cells.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions: As with other malignant tumors, the presence of CTCs in patients with SCLC can be regarded as one of the immunosuppression factors.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мелкоклеточный рак легкого</kwd><kwd>циркулирующие опухолевые клетки</kwd><kwd>клеточный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>Т-лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>натуральные киллеры</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>small cell lung cancer</kwd><kwd>circulating tumor cells</kwd><kwd>cellular immunity</kwd><kwd>T cells</kwd><kwd>natural killer cells</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания по разработке прогностических и предиктивных алгоритмов на основе выявления новых иммунологических и молекулярногенетических характеристик злокачественных опухолей и их микроокружения (2021–2023 гг.).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted as part of the state task on development of prognostic and predictive algorithms based on identification of novel immunological and molecular genetic characteristics of malignant tumors and their microenvironment (2021-2023).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кит О.И., Харагезов Д.А., Лазутин Ю.Н., Мирзоян Э.А., Лейман И.А., Тихонова С.Н. Последовательные бронхопластические лобэктомии в структуре комплексного лечения синхронного двухстороннего первично-множественного немелкоклеточного рака легкого: редкое клиническое наблюдение. Южно-Российский онкологический журнал. 2022;3(4):67–73. https://doi.org/10.37748/2686-9039-2022-3-4-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kit OI, Kharagezov DA, Lazutin YuN, Mirzoyan EA, Leyman IA, Tikhonova SN. Sequential bronchoplastic lobectomies in complex treatment for synchronous bilateral multiple primary non-small cell lung cancer: a rare clinical case. South Russian Journal of Cancer. 2022;3(4):67–73. (In Russ.). https:// doi.org/10.37748/2686-9039-2022-3-4-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keogh A, Finn S, Radonic T. Emerging biomarkers and the changing landscape of small cell lung cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(15):3772. PMID: 35954436. PMCID: PMC9367597. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14153772</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keogh A, Finn S, Radonic T. Emerging biomarkers and the changing landscape of small cell lung cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(15):3772. PMID: 35954436. PMCID: PMC9367597. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14153772</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rudin CM, Brambilla E, Faivre-Finn C, Sage J. Small-cell lung cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):3. PMID: 33446664. PMCID: PMC8177722. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-00235-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudin CM, Brambilla E, Faivre-Finn C, Sage J. Small-cell lung cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):3. PMID: 33446664. PMCID: PMC8177722. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-00235-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lattuca-Truc M, Timsit JF, Levra MG, et al; Multidisciplinary Thoracic Oncology Group Grenoble University Hospital France. Trends in response rate and survival in small-cell lung cancer patients between 1997 and 2017. Lung Cancer. 2019;131:122–127. PMID: 31027688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.03.028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lattuca-Truc M, Timsit JF, Levra MG, et al; Multidisciplinary Thoracic Oncology Group Grenoble University Hospital France. Trends in response rate and survival in small-cell lung cancer patients between 1997 and 2017. Lung Cancer. 2019;131:122–127. PMID: 31027688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.03.028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasseur A, Kiavue N, Bidard FC, Pierga JY, Cabel L. Clinical utility of circulating tumor cells: an update. Mol Oncol. 2021;15(6):1647–1666. PMID: 33289351. PMCID: PMC8169442. https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.12869</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasseur A, Kiavue N, Bidard FC, Pierga JY, Cabel L. Clinical utility of circulating tumor cells: an update. Mol Oncol. 2021;15(6):1647–1666. PMID: 33289351. PMCID: PMC8169442. https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.12869</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hou JM, Greystoke A, Lancashire L, et al. Evaluation of circulating tumor cells and serological cell death biomarkers in small cell lung cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Am J Pathol. 2009;175(2):808–816. PMID: 19628770. PMCID: PMC2716975. https://doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2009.090078</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hou JM, Greystoke A, Lancashire L, et al. Evaluation of circulating tumor cells and serological cell death biomarkers in small cell lung cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Am J Pathol. 2009;175(2):808–816. PMID: 19628770. PMCID: PMC2716975. https://doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2009.090078</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson NM, Simon MC. The tumor microenvironment. Curr Biol. 2020;30(16):R921–R925. PMID: 32810447. PMCID: PMC8194051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.081</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson NM, Simon MC. The tumor microenvironment. Curr Biol. 2020;30(16):R921–R925. PMID: 32810447. PMCID: PMC8194051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.081</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">López-Soto A, Gonzalez S, Smyth MJ, Galluzzi L. Control of metastasis by NK cells. Cancer Cell. 2017;32(2):135–154. PMID: 28810142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2017.06.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">López-Soto A, Gonzalez S, Smyth MJ, Galluzzi L. Control of metastasis by NK cells. Cancer Cell. 2017;32(2):135–154. PMID: 28810142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2017.06.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burz C, Pop VV, Buiga R, et al. Circulating tumor cells in clinical research and monitoring patients with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2018;9(36):24561–24571. PMID: 29849961. PMCID: PMC5966258. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.25337</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burz C, Pop VV, Buiga R, et al. Circulating tumor cells in clinical research and monitoring patients with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2018;9(36):24561–24571. PMID: 29849961. PMCID: PMC5966258. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.25337</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Златник Е.Ю., Новикова И.А., Бондаренко Е.С., Ульянова Е.П., Ситковская А.О. Характеристика системного и локального иммунитета и стволовых опухолевых клеток у больных колоректальным раком с различной распространенностью, динамикой и прогнозом. Медицинская иммунология. 2022;24(1):121– 134. https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-col-2352.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zlatnik EYu, Novikova IA, Bondarenko ES, Uljanova EP, Sitkovskaya AO. Characteristics of local and system immunity, and features of cancer stem cells in patients with different stage, dynamics and prognosis of colorectal carcinoma. Medical Immunology (Russia). 2022;24(1):121–134. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-col-2352</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steinert G, Schölch S, Niemietz T, et al. Immune escape and survival mechanisms in circulating tumor cells of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 2014;74(6):1694–1704. PMID: 24599131. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-1885</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steinert G, Schölch S, Niemietz T, et al. Immune escape and survival mechanisms in circulating tumor cells of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 2014;74(6):1694–1704. PMID: 24599131. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-1885</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X, Sun Q, Liu Q, Wang C, Yao R, Wang Y. CTC immune escape mediated by PDL1. Med Hypotheses. 2016;93:138– 139. PMID: 27372873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2016.05.022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang X, Sun Q, Liu Q, Wang C, Yao R, Wang Y. CTC immune escape mediated by PDL1. Med Hypotheses. 2016;93:138– 139. PMID: 27372873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2016.05.022</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang BY, Zhan YP, Zong WJ, et al. The PD-1/B7-H1 pathway modulates the natural killer cells versus mouse glioma stem cells. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0134715. PMID: 26266810. PMCID: PMC4534134. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134715</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang BY, ZhanYP, ZongWJ, et al. The PD-1/B7-H1 pathway modulates the natural killer cells versus mouse glioma stem cells. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0134715. PMID: 26266810. PMCID: PMC4534134. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134715</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brodbeck T, Nehmann N, Bethge A, Wedemann G, Schumacher U. Perforin-dependent direct cytotoxicity in natural killer cells induces considerable knockdown of spontaneous lung metastases and computer modelling-proven tumor cell dormancy in a HT29 human colon cancer xenograft mouse model. Mol Cancer. 2014;13:244. PMID: 25373310. PMCID: PMC4239380. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-4598-13-244</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brodbeck T, Nehmann N, Bethge A, Wedemann G, Schumacher U. Perforin-dependent direct cytotoxicity in natural killer cells induces considerable knockdown of spontaneous lung metastases and computer modelling-proven tumor cell dormancy in a HT29 human colon cancer xenograft mouse model. Mol Cancer. 2014;13:244. PMID: 25373310. PMCID: PMC4239380. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-4598-13-244</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gkountela S, Castro-Giner F, Szczerba BM, et al. Circulating tumor cell clustering shapes DNA methylation to enable metastasis seeding. Cell. 2019;176(1–2):98–112.e14. PMID: 30633912. PMCID: PMC6363966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.046</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gkountela S, Castro-Giner F, Szczerba BM, et al. Circulating tumor cell clustering shapes DNA methylation to enable metastasis seeding. Cell. 2019;176(1–2):98–112.e14. PMID: 30633912. PMCID: PMC6363966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.046</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhong X, Zhang H, Zhu Y, et al. Circulating tumor cells in cancer patients: developments and clinical applications for immunotherapy. Mol Cancer. 2020;19(1):15. PMID: 31980023. PMCID: PMC6982393. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-020-1141-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhong X, Zhang H, Zhu Y, et al. Circulating tumor cells in cancer patients: developments and clinical applications for immunotherapy. Mol Cancer. 2020;19(1):15. PMID: 31980023. PMCID: PMC6982393. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-020-1141-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leblanc R, Peyruchaud O. Metastasis: new functional implications of platelets and megakaryocytes. Blood. 2016;128(1):24–31. PMID: 27154188. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-01-636399</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leblanc R, Peyruchaud O. Metastasis: new functional implications of platelets and megakaryocytes. Blood. 2016;128(1):24–31. PMID: 27154188. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-01-636399</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stabile H, Fionda C, Gismondi A, Santoni A. Role of distinct natural killer cell subsets in anticancer response. Front Immunol. 2017;8:293. PMID: 28360915. PMCID: PMC5352654. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00293</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stabile H, Fionda C, Gismondi A, Santoni A. Role of distinct natural killer cell subsets in anticancer response. Front Immunol. 2017;8:293. PMID: 28360915. PMCID: PMC5352654. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00293</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stabile H, Fionda C, Santoni A, Gismondi A. Impact of bone marrow-derived signals on NK cell development and functional maturation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2018;42:13–19. PMID: 29622473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stabile H, Fionda C, Santoni A, Gismondi A. Impact of bone marrow-derived signals on NK cell development and functional maturation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2018;42:13–19. PMID: 29622473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Златник Е.Ю., Бахтин А.В., Новикова И.А. и др. Показатели клеточного иммунитета и количества циркулирующих опухолевых клеток у больных мелкоклеточным и немелкоклеточным раком легкого при различной распространенности и гистогенезе опухолей. Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2017;(2):124.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zlatnik EY, Bakhtin AV, Novikova IA, et al. Cellular immunity and circulating tumor cells` levels in patients with lung cancer of different stage and histogenesis. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya. 2017;(2):124. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Q, Zhao C, Jiang P, Liu D. Circulating tumor cells counts are associated with CD8+T cell levels in programmed death-ligand 1-negative non-small cell lung cancer patients after radiotherapy: a retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(29):e26674. PMID: 34398034. PMCID: PMC8294890. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000026674</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Q, Zhao C, Jiang P, Liu D. Circulating tumor cells counts are associated with CD8+T cell levels in programmed death-ligand 1-negative non-small cell lung cancer patients after radiotherapy: a retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(29):e26674. PMID: 34398034. PMCID: PMC8294890. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000026674</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chalfin HJ, Pramparo T, Mortazavi A, et al. Circulating tumor cell subtypes and T-cell populations as prognostic biomarkers to combination immunotherapy in patients with metastatic genitourinary cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27(5):1391–1398. PMID: 33262136. PMCID: PMC7925349. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-2891</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chalfin HJ, Pramparo T, Mortazavi A, et al. Circulating tumor cell subtypes and T-cell populations as prognostic biomarkers to combination immunotherapy in patients with metastatic genitourinary cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27(5):1391–1398. PMID: 33262136. PMCID: PMC7925349. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-2891</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dotse E, Lim KH, Wang M, Wijanarko KJ, Chow KT. An immunological perspective of circulating tumor cells as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Life (Basel). 2022;12(2):323. PMID: 35207611. PMCID: PMC8878951. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12020323.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dotse E, Lim KH, Wang M, Wijanarko KJ, Chow KT. An immunological perspective of circulating tumor cells as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Life (Basel). 2022;12(2):323. PMID: 35207611. PMCID: PMC8878951. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12020323.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
