inovmedИнновационная медицина КубаниInnovative Medicine of Kuban2541-9897Scientific Research Institute – Ochapovsky Regional Clinical Hospital No. 110.35401/2541-9897-2026-11-1-140-147inovmed-1454Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSПрименение остеоинтегрированных имплантов в восстановительном лечении пациентов с ампутационными культями пальцев кистиApplication of Osseointegrated Implants in the Reconstructive Treatment of Patients with Amputated Finger Stumpshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1308-2899МальчевскийВ. А.MalchevskiyV. A.

Мальчевский Владимир Алексеевич - д. м. н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник, ТюмНЦ СО РАН; профессор кафедры мобилизационной подготовки здравоохранения и медицины катастроф, ТюмГМУ.

625023, Тюмень, ул. Одесская, 54

Vladimir A. Malchevskiy - Dr (Sci.) Med, Professor, Chief Researcher, Tyumen Scientific Centre of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Professor, Department of Mobilization Training of Healthcare and Disaster Medicine, Tyumen State Medical University.

64 Odesskaya St., Tyumen, 625023

malchevski@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-3450-2751ЗойировТ. Э.ZoyirovT. E.

Зойиров Тулкин Элназарович - д. м. н, профессор, заведующий кафедрой терапевтической стоматологии.

Самарканд

Tulkin E. Zoyirov - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Samakand State Medical University.

Samarkand

https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2743-0697МальчевскийА. В.MalchevskiyA. V.

Мальчевский Алексей Владимирович - студент 2-го курса, педиатрический факультет.

Тюмень

Alexey V. Malchevskiy - 2nd year Student, Faculty of Pediatrics, Tyumen State Medical University.

Tyumen

Тюменский научный центр СО РАН; Тюменский Государственный медицинский университетРоссияTyumen Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciene; Tyumen State Medical UniversityRussian FederationСамаркандский государственный медицинский университетУзбекистанSamakand State Medical UniversityUzbekistanТюменский Государственный медицинский университетРоссияTyumen State Medical UniversityRussian Federation202630032026111140147Copyright © Мальчевский В.А., Зойиров Т.Э., Мальчевский А.В., 20262026Мальчевский В.А., Зойиров Т.Э., Мальчевский А.В.Malchevskiy V.A., Zoyirov T.E., Malchevskiy A.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.innovmedkub.ru/jour/article/view/1454

Наиболее оптимальным методом восстановительного лечения при ампутациях пальцев считается экзопротезирование, основанное на применении остеоинтегрированных имплантов. Одной из основных причин, сдерживающих его дальнейшее развитие, является излишняя лаконичность и фрагментарность изложения информации в специализированной литературе об использовании остеоинтегрированных имплантов в экзопротезировании. Всё это в итоге приводит к дефициту информации по данной проблеме у медицинских специалистов и, как следствие, ухудшению результатов реабилитации пациентов с ампутационными культями пальцев кисти. Выполнен поиск публикаций в базах данных РИНЦ, Cochrane, Scopus и Web of Science, изданных за последние 10 лет. Приведены виды и типы конструкций остеоинтегрированных имплантов для экзопротезирования утраченных пальцев кисти. Рассмотрены существующие технологии установки остеоинтегрированных имплантов и функциональная оценка результатов экзопротезирования. Оценены потенциальные риски возникновения осложнений. Отмечены перспективные направления для проведения дальнейших научно-исследовательских и опытно-конструкторских работ.

Exoprosthetic rehabilitation based on the use of osseointegrated implants is considered the most optimal method of restorative treatment for finger amputations. One of the main factors hindering its further development is the excessive brevity and fragmentation of information in specialized literature concerning the use of osseointegrated implants in exoprosthetics. This ultimately results in a lack of information on this issue among medical professionals and, consequently, in poorer rehabilitation outcomes in patients with finger stumps amputations.

A search of publications from the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI), Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted for the past 10 years. The types and designs of osseointegrated implants for exoprosthetic replacement of lost fingers are presented. Existing technologies for the placement of osseointegrated implants and the functional assessment of exoprosthetic outcomes are reviewed. Potential risks of complications are evaluated. Promising directions for further research and development are highlighted.

протез пальцаостеоинтегрированный имплантампутация пальцакультя пальцаfinger prosthesisosseointegrated implantfinger amputationfinger stumpReferencesManrique OJ, Ciudad P, Doscher M, Lo Torto F, Liebling R, Galan R. Osseointegrated Finger Prostheses Using a Tripod Titanium Mini-Plate. Arch Plast Surg. 2017;44(2):150-156. PMID: 28352604. PMCID: PMC5366522. https://doi.org/10.5999/aps.2017.44.2.150Manrique OJ, Ciudad P, Doscher M, Lo Torto F, Liebling R, Galan R. Osseointegrated Finger Prostheses Using a Tripod Titanium Mini-Plate. Arch Plast Surg. 2017;44(2):150-156. PMID: 28352604. PMCID: PMC5366522. https://doi.org/10.5999/aps.2017.44.2.150Adani R, Woo SH. Microsurgical thumb repair and reconstruction. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2017;42(8):771-788. PMID: 28784020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753193417723310Adani R, Woo SH. Microsurgical thumb repair and reconstruction. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2017;42(8):771-788. PMID: 28784020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753193417723310Rodríguez AM, Tocanchón GP, Villalba JT, et al. Epidemiology of work-related hand and wrist injuries in a referral center: A descriptive study. World J Orthop. 2024;15(7):650-659. PMID: 39070939. PMCID: PMC11271693. https://doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v15.i7.650Rodríguez AM, Tocanchón GP, Villalba JT, et al. Epidemiology of work-related hand and wrist injuries in a referral center: A descriptive study. World J Orthop. 2024;15(7):650-659. PMID: 39070939. PMCID: PMC11271693. https://doi.org/10.5312/wjo.v15.i7.650Crowe CS, Massenburg BB, Morrison SD, et al. Global trends of hand and wrist trauma: a systematic analysis of fracture and digit amputation using the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study. Inj Prev. 2020;26(Supp 1):i115-i124. PMID: 32169973. PMCID: PMC7571361. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043495Crowe CS, Massenburg BB, Morrison SD, et al. Global trends of hand and wrist trauma: a systematic analysis of fracture and digit amputation using the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study. Inj Prev. 2020;26(Supp 1):i115-i124. PMID: 32169973. PMCID: PMC7571361. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043495Kuret Z, Burger H, Vidmar G, Maver T. Adjustment to finger amputation and silicone finger prosthesis use. Disabil Rehabil. 2019;41(11):1307-1312. PMID: 29322812. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1424954Kuret Z, Burger H, Vidmar G, Maver T. Adjustment to finger amputation and silicone finger prosthesis use. Disabil Rehabil. 2019;41(11):1307-1312. PMID: 29322812. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1424954Vaux JJ, Hugate RR, Hills JW, Grzybowski RF, Funk CK. Morphometrics of the human thumb metacarpal bone: interest for developing an osseointegrated prosthesis. Surg Radiol Anat. 2016;38(1):127-133. PMID: 26228383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-015-1524-6Vaux JJ, Hugate RR, Hills JW, Grzybowski RF, Funk CK. Morphometrics of the human thumb metacarpal bone: interest for developing an osseointegrated prosthesis. Surg Radiol Anat. 2016;38(1):127-133. PMID: 26228383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-015-1524-6Allmendinger L., Hazubski S., Otte A. Conceptualization of an Anthropomorphic Replacement Hand with a Sensory Feedback System. Prosthesis. 2022;4(4):695-709.https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis4040055Allmendinger L., Hazubski S., Otte A. Conceptualization of an Anthropomorphic Replacement Hand with a Sensory Feedback System. Prosthesis. 2022;4(4):695-709.https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis4040055Kim GM, Powell JE, Lacey SA, Butkus JA, Smith DG. Current and emerging prostheses for partial hand amputation: A narrative review. PM R. 2023;15(3):392-401. PMID: 35038226. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12764Kim GM, Powell JE, Lacey SA, Butkus JA, Smith DG. Current and emerging prostheses for partial hand amputation: A narrative review. PM R. 2023;15(3):392-401. PMID: 35038226. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12764Stacchiotti F, Bregoli C, Ferrari R, et al. A patient-matched prosthesis for thumb amputations: Design, mechanical and functional evaluation. Med Eng Phys. 2025;137:104296. PMID: 40057357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2025.104296Stacchiotti F, Bregoli C, Ferrari R, et al. A patient-matched prosthesis for thumb amputations: Design, mechanical and functional evaluation. Med Eng Phys. 2025;137:104296. PMID: 40057357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2025.104296Reid DBC, Shah KN, Eltorai AEM, et al. Epidemiology of finger amputations in the United States from 1997 to 2016. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2019;1(2):45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsg.2019.02.001Reid DBC, Shah KN, Eltorai AEM, et al. Epidemiology of finger amputations in the United States from 1997 to 2016. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2019;1(2):45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsg.2019.02.001Li AT, Shepherd A, Gray SJ, Slattery P, Bruscino-Raiola F. Comparative outcome analysis of osseointegrated reconstruction and replantation for digital amputations. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2022;47(5):453-460. PMID: 34278813. https://doi.org/10.1177/17531934211030752Li AT, Shepherd A, Gray SJ, Slattery P, Bruscino-Raiola F. Comparative outcome analysis of osseointegrated reconstruction and replantation for digital amputations. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2022;47(5):453-460. PMID: 34278813. https://doi.org/10.1177/17531934211030752Li Y, Felländer-Tsai L. The bone anchored prostheses for amputees – Historical development, current status, and future aspects. Biomaterials. 2021;273:120836. PMID: 33894405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120836Li Y, Felländer-Tsai L. The bone anchored prostheses for amputees – Historical development, current status, and future aspects. Biomaterials. 2021;273:120836. PMID: 33894405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120836Bregoli C, Lando M, Adani R, et al. Patient-matched osseointegrated prostheses for thumb amputees: a cadaver and feasibility study. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2024;49(4):512-519. PMID: 37606585. https://doi.org/10.1177/17531934231193880Bregoli C, Lando M, Adani R, et al. Patient-matched osseointegrated prostheses for thumb amputees: a cadaver and feasibility study. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2024;49(4):512-519. PMID: 37606585. https://doi.org/10.1177/17531934231193880Graham EM, Baschuk CM, Atkins DJ, Hutchinson L, Duncan CC, Mendenhall SD. Hand Surgeons’ Understanding of Partial Hand Prostheses: Results of a National Survey Study. Hand (N Y). 2023;18(7):1156-1168. PMID: 35081822. PMCID: PMC10798212. https://doi.org/10.1177/15589447211068185Graham EM, Baschuk CM, Atkins DJ, Hutchinson L, Duncan CC, Mendenhall SD. Hand Surgeons’ Understanding of Partial Hand Prostheses: Results of a National Survey Study. Hand (N Y). 2023;18(7):1156-1168. PMID: 35081822. PMCID: PMC10798212. https://doi.org/10.1177/15589447211068185Корюков А., Губин А., Кузнецов В., Борзунов Д., Антипов А., Овчинников Е., Резник А., Еманов А., Владимирова О. Возможности улучшения функции и косметики культей пальцев кисти методом оссеоинтеграции. Гений ортопедии. 2016;(4):22-28. https://doi.org/10.18019/1028-4427-2016-4-22-28Koriukov A., Gubin A., Kuznetsov V., Borzunov D., Antipov A., Ovchinnikov E., Reznik A., Emanov A., Vladimirova O. Possibilities of improving the function and esthetic appearance of finger stumps using the method of osseointegration. Genij Ortopedii. 2016;(4):22-28. https://doi.org/10.18019/1028-4427-2016-4-22-28Li Y, Kulbacka-Ortiz K, Caine-Winterberger K, Brånemark R. Thumb Amputations Treated With Osseointegrated Percutaneous Prostheses With Up to 25 Years of Follow-up. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2019;3(1):e097. PMID: 30788458. PMCID: PMC6365303. https://doi.org/10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-18-00097Li Y, Kulbacka-Ortiz K, Caine-Winterberger K, Brånemark R. Thumb Amputations Treated With Osseointegrated Percutaneous Prostheses With Up to 25 Years of Follow-up. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2019;3(1):e097. PMID: 30788458. PMCID: PMC6365303. https://doi.org/10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-18-00097Alturkistani R, A K, Devasahayam S, et al. Affordable passive 3D-printed prosthesis for persons with partial hand amputation. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2020;44(2):92-98. PMID: 32100630. PMCID: PMC7364768. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309364620905220Alturkistani R, A K, Devasahayam S, et al. Affordable passive 3D-printed prosthesis for persons with partial hand amputation. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2020;44(2):92-98. PMID: 32100630. PMCID: PMC7364768. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309364620905220Zang CW, Zhang JL, Meng ZZ, et al. 3D Printing Technology in Planning Thumb Reconstructions with Second Toe Transplant. Orthop Surg. 2017;9(2):215-220. PMID: 28598001. PMCID: PMC6584138. https://doi.org/10.1111/os.12326Zang CW, Zhang JL, Meng ZZ, et al. 3D Printing Technology in Planning Thumb Reconstructions with Second Toe Transplant. Orthop Surg. 2017;9(2):215-220. PMID: 28598001. PMCID: PMC6584138. https://doi.org/10.1111/os.12326Dias Caldeira FI, Nascimento VA, da Silva Gasque KC, Haddad MF. Use of silicone finger prostheses in amputee patients: An integrative review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2021;21(4):339-347. PMID: 34810361. PMCID: PMC8617448. https://doi.org/10.4103/jips.jips_175_21Dias Caldeira FI, Nascimento VA, da Silva Gasque KC, Haddad MF. Use of silicone finger prostheses in amputee patients: An integrative review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2021;21(4):339-347. PMID: 34810361. PMCID: PMC8617448. https://doi.org/10.4103/jips.jips_175_21Chimutengwende-Gordon M, Dowling R, Pendegrass C, Blunn G. Determining the porous structure for optimal soft-tissue ingrowth: An in vivo histological study. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0206228. PMID: 30372471. PMCID: PMC6205611. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206228Chimutengwende-Gordon M, Dowling R, Pendegrass C, Blunn G. Determining the porous structure for optimal soft-tissue ingrowth: An in vivo histological study. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0206228. PMID: 30372471. PMCID: PMC6205611. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206228Bregoli C, Stacchiotti F, Fiocchi J, et al. A biomechanical study of osseointegrated patient-matched additively manufactured implant for treatment of thumb amputees. Med Eng Phys. 2023;118:104019. PMID: 37536840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2023.104019Bregoli C, Stacchiotti F, Fiocchi J, et al. A biomechanical study of osseointegrated patient-matched additively manufactured implant for treatment of thumb amputees. Med Eng Phys. 2023;118:104019. PMID: 37536840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2023.104019Imbinto I, Peccia C, Controzzi M, et al. Treatment of the Partial Hand Amputation: An Engineering Perspective. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng. 2016;9:32-48. PMID: 26849872. https://doi.org/10.1109/rbme.2016.2523799Imbinto I, Peccia C, Controzzi M, et al. Treatment of the Partial Hand Amputation: An Engineering Perspective. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng. 2016;9:32-48. PMID: 26849872. https://doi.org/10.1109/rbme.2016.2523799Jathan KK, Tewary S, Mishra NR, Patil VH, Sanyal P. Enhancing Retention in Digit Rehabilitation: Implant-Assisted Silicone Finger Prosthesis for an Amputated Thumb. Cureus. 2024;16(8):e67596. PMID: 39314583. PMCID: PMC11417420. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.67596Jathan KK, Tewary S, Mishra NR, Patil VH, Sanyal P. Enhancing Retention in Digit Rehabilitation: Implant-Assisted Silicone Finger Prosthesis for an Amputated Thumb. Cureus. 2024;16(8):e67596. PMID: 39314583. PMCID: PMC11417420. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.67596Graham EM, Hendrycks R, Baschuk CM, et al. Restoring Form and Function to the Partial Hand Amputee: Prosthetic Options from the Fingertip to the Palm. Hand Clin. 2021;37(1):167-187. PMID: 33198915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hcl.2020.09.013Graham EM, Hendrycks R, Baschuk CM, et al. Restoring Form and Function to the Partial Hand Amputee: Prosthetic Options from the Fingertip to the Palm. Hand Clin. 2021;37(1):167-187. PMID: 33198915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hcl.2020.09.013Li Y, Brånemark R. Osseointegrated prostheses for rehabilitation following amputation: The pioneering Swedish model. Osseointegrierte Prothesen zur Rehabilitation nach Amputation: Das wegweisende schwedische Modell. Unfallchirurg. 2017;120(4):285-292. PMID: 28229193. PMCID: PMC5371647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-017-0331-4Li Y, Brånemark R. Osseointegrated prostheses for rehabilitation following amputation: The pioneering Swedish model. Osseointegrierte Prothesen zur Rehabilitation nach Amputation: Das wegweisende schwedische Modell. Unfallchirurg. 2017;120(4):285-292. PMID: 28229193. PMCID: PMC5371647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-017-0331-4Overmann AL, Aparicio C, Richards JT, et al. Orthopaedic osseointegration: Implantology and future directions. J Orthop Res. 2020;38(7):1445-1454. PMID: 31876306. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.24576Overmann AL, Aparicio C, Richards JT, et al. Orthopaedic osseointegration: Implantology and future directions. J Orthop Res. 2020;38(7):1445-1454. PMID: 31876306. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.24576Bregoli C, Biffi CA, Morellato K, et al. Osseointegrated Metallic Implants for Finger Amputees: A Review of the Literature. Orthop Surg. 2022;14(6):1019-1033. PMID: 35524645. PMCID: PMC9163974. https://doi.org/10.1111/os.13296Bregoli C, Biffi CA, Morellato K, et al. Osseointegrated Metallic Implants for Finger Amputees: A Review of the Literature. Orthop Surg. 2022;14(6):1019-1033. PMID: 35524645. PMCID: PMC9163974. https://doi.org/10.1111/os.13296Thomas B, Mathew CA, Perumal M, Marappan M. Osseo integrated finger prosthesis with a custom abutment. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2017;17(2):212-216. PMID: 28584425. PMCID: PMC5450885. https://doi.org/10.4103/jips.jips_313_16Thomas B, Mathew CA, Perumal M, Marappan M. Osseo integrated finger prosthesis with a custom abutment. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2017;17(2):212-216. PMID: 28584425. PMCID: PMC5450885. https://doi.org/10.4103/jips.jips_313_16Das N, Nagpal N, Bankura SS. A review on the advancements in the field of upper limb prosthesis. J Med Eng Technol. 2018;42(7):532-545. PMID: 30875266. https://doi.org/10.1080/03091902.2019.1576793Das N, Nagpal N, Bankura SS. A review on the advancements in the field of upper limb prosthesis. J Med Eng Technol. 2018;42(7):532-545. PMID: 30875266. https://doi.org/10.1080/03091902.2019.1576793Hoyt BW, Walsh SA, Forsberg JA. Osseointegrated prostheses for the rehabilitation of amputees (OPRA): results and clinical perspective. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2020;17(1):17-25. PMID: 31931635. https://doi.org/10.1080/17434440.2020.1704623Hoyt BW, Walsh SA, Forsberg JA. Osseointegrated prostheses for the rehabilitation of amputees (OPRA): results and clinical perspective. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2020;17(1):17-25. PMID: 31931635. https://doi.org/10.1080/17434440.2020.1704623Thesleff A, Brånemark R, Håkansson B, Ortiz-Catalan M. Biomechanical Characterisation of Bone-anchored Implant Systems for Amputation Limb Prostheses: A Systematic Review. Ann Biomed Eng. 2018;46(3):377-391. PMID: 29327257. PMCID: PMC5809556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-017-1976-4Thesleff A, Brånemark R, Håkansson B, Ortiz-Catalan M. Biomechanical Characterisation of Bone-anchored Implant Systems for Amputation Limb Prostheses: A Systematic Review. Ann Biomed Eng. 2018;46(3):377-391. PMID: 29327257. PMCID: PMC5809556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-017-1976-4Osman RB, Swain MV. A Critical Review of Dental Implant Materials with an Emphasis on Titanium versus Zirconia. Materials (Basel). 2015;8(3):932-958. PMID: 28787980. PMCID: PMC5455450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8030932Osman RB, Swain MV. A Critical Review of Dental Implant Materials with an Emphasis on Titanium versus Zirconia. Materials (Basel). 2015;8(3):932-958. PMID: 28787980. PMCID: PMC5455450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8030932Wang R, Ni S, Ma L, Li M. Porous construction and surface modification of titanium-based materials for osteogenesis: A review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:973297. PMID: 36091459. PMCID: PMC9452912. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.973297Wang R, Ni S, Ma L, Li M. Porous construction and surface modification of titanium-based materials for osteogenesis: A review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:973297. PMID: 36091459. PMCID: PMC9452912. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.973297Александров Н.М., Вешаев И.Д. Новые технологии реконструкции пальцев кисти с применением 3D-печати. Гений ортопедии. 2024;30(3):427-437. https://doi.org/10.18019/1028-4427-2024-30-3-427-437Aleksandrov NM, Veshaev ID. New finger reconstruction technologies using 3D printing. Genij Ortopedii. 2024;30(3):427-437. https://doi.org/10.18019/1028-4427-2024-30-3-427-437Guo T, Gulati K, Arora H, Han P, Fournier B, Ivanovski S. Orchestrating soft tissue integration at the transmucosal region of titanium implants. Acta Biomater. 2021;124:33-49. PMID: 33444803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.001Guo T, Gulati K, Arora H, Han P, Fournier B, Ivanovski S. Orchestrating soft tissue integration at the transmucosal region of titanium implants. Acta Biomater. 2021;124:33-49. PMID: 33444803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.001Kaur M, Singh K. Review on titanium and titanium based alloys as biomaterials for orthopaedic applications. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2019;102:844-862. PMID: 31147056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.064Kaur M, Singh K. Review on titanium and titanium based alloys as biomaterials for orthopaedic applications. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2019;102:844-862. PMID: 31147056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.064Özyurt A, Bilmenoğlu Ç. Is Resonance Frequency Analysis a Reliable Evaluation for Primary Stability of Implants Without Apical Contact?. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2022;37(3):543-548. PMID: 35727246. https://doi.org/10.11607/jomi.9480Özyurt A, Bilmenoğlu Ç. Is Resonance Frequency Analysis a Reliable Evaluation for Primary Stability of Implants Without Apical Contact?. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2022;37(3):543-548. PMID: 35727246. https://doi.org/10.11607/jomi.9480Shao W, Zhang D. Influencing factors and evaluation methods for early stability of immediate implant. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2024;49(2):305-311. PMID: 38755727. PMCID:PMC11103061. https://doi.org/10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2024.230244Shao W, Zhang D. Influencing factors and evaluation methods for early stability of immediate implant. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2024;49(2):305-311. PMID: 38755727. PMCID:PMC11103061. https://doi.org/10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2024.230244Tilton M, Lewis GS, Hast MW, Fox E, Manogharan G. Additively manufactured patient-specific prosthesis for tumor reconstruction: Design, process, and properties. PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0253786. PMID: 34260623. PMCID: PMC8279401. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253786Tilton M, Lewis GS, Hast MW, Fox E, Manogharan G. Additively manufactured patient-specific prosthesis for tumor reconstruction: Design, process, and properties. PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0253786. PMID: 34260623. PMCID: PMC8279401. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253786

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.