inovmedИнновационная медицина КубаниInnovative Medicine of Kuban2541-9897Scientific Research Institute – Ochapovsky Regional Clinical Hospital No. 110.35401/2500-0268-2021-23-3-64-72inovmed-445Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSКогнитивное нейропротезирование – путь от эксперимента к клиническому применениюCognitive neural prosthetics – the way from experiment to clinical applicationКравченкоС. В.KravchenkoS. V.

Кравченко Сергей Владимирович, кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник, научный отдел

350012, Краснодар, ул. Красных Партизан, 6

Sergey V. Kravchenko, Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Researcher, Scientific Department

6, Krasnyh Partizan str., Krasnodar, 350012

ksv.1991@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0694-9984КадеА. Х.KadeA. Kh.

Каде Азамат Халидович, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой общей и клинической патологической физиологии

Краснодар

Azamat Kh. Kade, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Common and Clinical Pathological Physiology

Krasnodar

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7140-0739ТрофименкоА. И.TrofimenkoA. I.

Трофименко Артем Иванович, кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник, научно-организационный отдел, Научно-исследовательский институт – Краевая клиническая больница № 1 им. проф. С.В. Очаповского; ассистент кафедры общей и клинической патологической физиологии, Кубанский государственный медицинский университет

Краснодар

Artem I. Trofimenko, Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor, Department of Common and Clinical Pathological Physiology, Kuban State Medical University; Researcher, Scientific and Organizational Department, Research Institute – Ochapovsky Regional Hospital no. 1

Krasnodar

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8980-2741ВчерашнюкС. П.VcherashnyukS. P.

Вчерашнюк Светлана Петровна, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры общей и клинической патологической физиологии

Краснодар

Svetlana P. Vcherashnyuk, Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of Common and Clinical Pathological Physiology

Krasnodar

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1323-0828МалышкоВ. В.MalyshkoV. V.

 

Малышко Вадим Владимирович, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры общей хирургии

Краснодар

Vadim V. Malyshko, Cand. of Sci. (Med.),Associate Professor, Department of Common Surgery

Krasnodar

МНТК «Микрохирургия глаза» им. акад. С.Н. Федорова»РоссияThe S. Fedorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State InstituteRussian FederationКубанский государственный медицинский университетРоссияKuban State Medical UniversityRussian FederationКубанский государственный медицинский университет; Научно-исследовательский институт – Краевая клиническая больница № 1 им. проф. С.В. ОчаповскогоРоссияKuban State Medical University; Research Institute – Ochapovsky Regional Hospital no. 1Russian Federation202130092021036472Copyright © Кравченко С.В., Каде А.Х., Трофименко А.И., Вчерашнюк С.П., Малышко В.В., 20212021Кравченко С.В., Каде А.Х., Трофименко А.И., Вчерашнюк С.П., Малышко В.В.Kravchenko S.V., Kade A.K., Trofimenko A.I., Vcherashnyuk S.P., Malyshko V.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.innovmedkub.ru/jour/article/view/445

Цель Освещение основных аспектов разработки и применения когнитивных нейропротезов, в частности, технологические предпосылки их создания, принципиальные вопросы реализации и ключевые современные достижения в данной сфере. В ходе анализа литературных источников определено место, которое занимают нейропротезы среди находящихся в производстве либо уже используемых в клинической практике искусственных органов и тканей. Описаны основные принципы их применения, необходимые структурные элементы и условия функционирования. Представлены примеры заболеваний, которые могут быть скорректированы посредством использования когнитивных нейропротезов. Описаны механизмы компенсации функций поврежденных структур головного мозга при использовании нейропротезов на основе принципов их взаимодействия с биологическими нейронными сетями. Приводятся описания передовых исследований, актуальных в настоящее время, в том числе информация о протоколах и результатах испытаний на животных и человеке искусственного гиппокампа, а также результаты тестирования протеза, позволяющего восстановить функции префронтальной коры у животных. Рассмотренные в обзоре примеры позволяют прийти к заключению, что когнитивные нейропротезы являются не просто гипотетической концепцией, а имеют воплощение в виде специализированных разработок. В настоящее время наибольшие успехи достигнуты в восстановлении функций гиппокампа.

Accepted: September 3, 2021. Objective of this review is to highlight some aspects of the development and use of cognitive neuroprostheses, such as the technological background for their developing and key modern projects in this field. The literature sources were analyzed and the place of neuroprostheses among other artificial organs and tissues, which are under development or already used in clinical practice, was defined. The main principles of their implementation, structural elements and operating conditions were described. Also, this review presents some examples of diseases which can be corrected by cognitive neuroprostheses. The mechanisms of compensation for the functions of the damaged brain structures when using neuroprostheses are described on the basis of the principles of their interaction with biological neural networks. Descriptions of advanced developments that are currently relevant are given. Moreover, information is provided on the protocols and results of tests on animals and humans of the artificial hippocampus, as well as the results of testing a prosthesis that allows restoring the functions of the prefrontal cortex in animals. The examples considered in the review allow us to conclude that cognitive neuroprostheses are not just a hypothetic concept. They are implemented as specialized experimental solutions for practical clinical issues. Currently, the greatest success has been achieved in restoring the hippocampus functions.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.