<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">inovmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Инновационная медицина Кубани</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Innovative Medicine of Kuban</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9897</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Institute – Ochapovsky Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35401/2541-9897-2024-9-1-86-93</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">inovmed-814</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Компьютерная томография ушибов головного мозга у детей до 3 лет</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Computed Tomography of Cerebral Contusions in Children Younger Than 3 Years</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6949-3072</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцева</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaytseva</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зайцева Екатерина Сергеевна, врач-рентгенолог отдела лучевых методов диагностики </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina S. Zaytseva, Radiologist, Diagnostic Radiology Unit</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3235-8854</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахадов</surname><given-names>T. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhadov</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ахадов Толибджон Абдуллаевич, д. м. н., профессор, руководитель отдела лучевых методов диагностики</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tolibdzhon A. Akhadov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Diagnostic Radiology Unit</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6349-5739</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маматкулов</surname><given-names>A. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamatkulov</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Маматкулов Алишер Джахангирович, аспирант отделения нейрохирургии</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alisher D. Mamatkulov, Postgraduate Student, Neurosurgery Unit</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4709-9461</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Божко</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozhko</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Божко Ольга Васильевна, к. м. н., ведущий научный сотрудник отдела лучевых методов диагностики </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Bozhko, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Leading Researcher, Diagnostic Radiology Unit</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4627-9874</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ублинский</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ublinskiy</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ублинский Максим Вадимович, к. б. н., старший научный сотрудник</p><p>НИИ НДхиТ, 119180, Москва, ул. Большая Полянка, 22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maxim V. Ublinskiy, Cand. Sci. (Bio.), Senior Researcher</p><p>Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma, ulitsa Bolshaya Polyanka 22, Moscow, 119180</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">maxublinsk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2910-3711</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельников</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnikov</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мельников Илья Андреевич, к. м. н., заведующий отделением КТ-МРТ</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilia A. Melnikov, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of the CT-MRI Unit</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1698-0547</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хусаинова</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khusainova</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хусаинова Дарья Николаевна, научный сотрудник отдела IT </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria N. Khusainova, Researcher, IT Division</p><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИИ Неотложной детской хирургии и травматологии Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma of the Moscow Healthcare Departament</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>86</fpage><lpage>93</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зайцева Е.С., Ахадов T.А., Маматкулов A.Д., Божко О.В., Ублинский М.В., Мельников И.А., Хусаинова Д.Н., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зайцева Е.С., Ахадов T.А., Маматкулов A.Д., Божко О.В., Ублинский М.В., Мельников И.А., Хусаинова Д.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zaytseva E.S., Akhadov T.A., Mamatkulov A.D., Bozhko O.V., Ublinskiy M.V., Melnikov I.A., Khusainova D.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.innovmedkub.ru/jour/article/view/814">https://www.innovmedkub.ru/jour/article/view/814</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение: Ушибы головного мозга случаются примерно в 43% случаев тупой травмы головы. При этом поражаются преимущественно извилины, хотя при тяжелой черепно-мозговой травме (ЧМТ) возможно поражение субкортикального белого вещества и глубинных структур мозга. Компьютерная томография (КТ) головного мозга используется для оценки всех форм внутричерепных повреждений, переломов, отека головного мозга и других сопутствующих повреждений.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: Проанализировать возможности компьютерной томографии в диагностике ушибов головного мозга в остром периоде ЧМТ у детей в возрасте до 3 лет.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: В период с 2021–2022 гг. с помощью 128-срезового томографа Philips Ingenuity Elite у 1334 детей с ЧМТ в возрасте до 3 лет выполнены КТ-исследования. Изучены результаты КТ 730 мальчиков и 604 девочек. Зоной интереса у исследованных детей с ЧМТ являлись череп и шейный отдел позвоночника. Контрастирование у детей от 0 до 3 лет при ЧМТ не использовалось. Диапазон эффективной дозы варьировался в диапазоне от 1,27 до 1,91 мЗв.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: У 448 (87,84%) из 510 детей диагностированы переломы костей черепа, у 366 (81,7%) – в сочетании с интракраниальными повреждениями, из них у 262 (71,58%) пациентов травма оценена как тяжелая (шкала комы Глазго ≤ 8), оперировано 36 (9,83%) пациентов. Ушибы головного мозга диагностированы у 58,5% (214/366) детей. Ушибы, 98% которых были геморрагическими, имели различный объем, степень кровоизлияния и соответственно отека. Очаги ушибов располагались в лобных (37,1%), височных (34,3%) и теменных (20,6%), реже в затылочных долях (8%).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение: КТ является предпочтительным методом визуализации в условиях острой черепно-мозговой травмы, что позволяет точно обнаружить и оперативно выполнить адекватное лечение ушибов головного мозга, предупредить вторичные травматические изменения. КТ-сканирование является основным инструментом исследования и должно выполняться у всех детей с ЧМТ в первые часы после травмы.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background: Cerebral contusions occur in approximately 43% of blunt head trauma cases. The gyri are predominantly affected, although severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) may damage the subcortical white matter and deep structures within the brain. Computed tomography (CT) of the brain is used to evaluate all forms of intracranial injuries, fractures, cerebral edema, and other associated injuries.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: To analyze the CT potential in the diagnosis of cerebral contusions during the acute phase of TBI in children younger than 3 years.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods: In 2021-2022 we performed CT using a Philips Ingenuity Elite 128 slice CT scanner in 1334 children with TBI (730 boys and 604 girls younger than 3 years). The area of interest in the examined children was the skull and cervical spine. We did not use enhancement. The effective dose range varied from 1.27 to 1.91 mSv.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: Of 510 children, 448 (87.84%) patients had skull fractures that combined with intracranial injuries in 366 (81.7%) children, with 262 (71.58%) of them having severe injuries (Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 8) and 36 (9.83%) of them undergoing surgery. Cerebral contusions were diagnosed in 58.5% (214 of 366) of children. Contusions (98% of which were hemorrhagic) had different volumes and degrees of hemorrhage and edema. The foci of contusions were in the frontal (37.1%), temporal (34.3%), parietal (20.6%), and, less often, occipital (8%) lobes.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions: CT is the preferred imaging modality in acute TBI, which enables to accurately detect and adequately treat cerebral contusions, preventing secondary injuries. CT is the main diagnostic tool and should be performed in all children with TBI within the first hours after injury.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>младенцы</kwd><kwd>дети младшего возраста</kwd><kwd>магнитно-резонансная томография</kwd><kwd>черепно-мозговая травма</kwd><kwd>ушибы головного мозга</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>infants</kwd><kwd>young children</kwd><kwd>magnetic resonance imaging</kwd><kwd>traumatic brain injury</kwd><kwd>cerebral contusion</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коновалов А.Н., Корниенко В.Н., Озерова В.И., Пронин И.Н. Нейрорентгенология детского возраста. Антидор; 2001:19–38, 291–322.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konovalov AN, Kornienko VN, Ozerova VI, Pronin IN. Pediatric Neuroradiology. Antidor; 2001:19–38, 291–322. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keenan HT, Runyan DK, Marshall SW, Nocera MA, Merten DF, Sinal SH. A population-based study of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children. JAMA. 2003;290(5):621–626. PMID: 12902365. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.5.621</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keenan HT, Runyan DK, Marshall SW, Nocera MA, Merten DF, Sinal SH. A population-based study of inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children. JAMA. 2003;290(5):621–626. PMID: 12902365. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.5.621</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas AG, Hegde SV, Dineen RA, Jaspan T. Patterns of accidental craniocerebral injury occurring in early childhood. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98(10):787–792. PMID: 23922057. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-304267</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas AG, Hegde SV, Dineen RA, Jaspan T. Patterns of accidental craniocerebral injury occurring in early childhood. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98(10):787–792. PMID: 23922057. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-304267</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morales DL. Brain Contusion Imaging. Medscape. Accessed April 2, 2023. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/337782-overview</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morales DL. Brain Contusion Imaging. Medscape. Accessed April 2, 2023. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/337782-overview</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mannix R, Bourgeois FT, Schutzman SA, Bernstein A, Lee LK. Neuroimaging for pediatric head trauma: do patient and hospital characteristics influence who gets imaged?. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17(7):694–700. PMID: 20653582. PMCID: PMC2911650. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00797.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mannix R, Bourgeois FT, Schutzman SA, Bernstein A, Lee LK. Neuroimaging for pediatric head trauma: do patient and hospital characteristics influence who gets imaged?. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17(7):694–700. PMID: 20653582. PMCID: PMC2911650. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00797.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marlow R, Mytton J, Maconochie IK, Taylor H, Lyttle MD. Trends in admission and death rates due to paediatric head injury in England, 2000-2011. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100(12):1136–1140. PMID: 26272910. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-308615</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marlow R, Mytton J, Maconochie IK, Taylor H, Lyttle MD. Trends in admission and death rates due to paediatric head injury in England, 2000-2011. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100(12):1136–1140. PMID: 26272910. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-308615</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schweitzer AD, Niogi SN, Whitlow CT, Tsiouris AJ. Traumatic brain injury: imaging patterns and complications. Radiographics. 2019;39(6):1571–1595. PMID: 31589576. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2019190076</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schweitzer AD, Niogi SN, Whitlow CT, Tsiouris AJ. Traumatic brain injury: imaging patterns and complications. Radiographics. 2019;39(6):1571–1595. PMID: 31589576. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2019190076</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alahmadi H, Vachhrajani S, Cusimano MD. The natural history of brain contusion: an analysis of radiological and clinical progression. J Neurosurg. 2010;112(5):1139–1145. PMID: 19575576. https://doi.org/10.3171/2009.5.JNS081369</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alahmadi H, Vachhrajani S, Cusimano MD. The natural history of brain contusion: an analysis of radiological and clinical progression. J Neurosurg. 2010;112(5):1139–1145. PMID: 19575576. https://doi.org/10.3171/2009.5.JNS081369</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurland D, Hong C, Aarabi B, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Hemorrhagic progression of a contusion after traumatic brain injury: a review. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(1):19–31. PMID: 21988198. PMCID: PMC3253310. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2011.2122</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurland D, Hong C, Aarabi B, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Hemorrhagic progression of a contusion after traumatic brain injury: a review. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(1):19–31. PMID: 21988198. PMCID: PMC3253310. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2011.2122</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коновалов А.Н., Лихтерман Л.Б., Потапов А.А. Клиническое руководство по черепно-мозговой травме. Т. 2. Антидор; 2001:308–321.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konovalov AN, Lichterman LB, Potapov AA. Clinician’s Guide to Traumatic Brain Injury. Vol 2. Antidor; 2011:308–321. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heit JJ, Iv M, Wintermark M. Imaging of intracranial hemorrhage. J Stroke. 2017;19(1):11–27. PMID: 28030895. PMCID: PMC5307932. https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2016.00563</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heit JJ, Iv M, Wintermark M. Imaging of intracranial hemorrhage. J Stroke. 2017;19(1):11–27. PMID: 28030895. PMCID: PMC5307932. https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2016.00563</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jayapal K, Mansour HA. Timing of presentation and correlation with computed tomography in pediatric patients with minor head trauma. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics. 2018;5(6):2038. https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20184256</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jayapal K, Mansour HA. Timing of presentation and correlation with computed tomography in pediatric patients with minor head trauma. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics. 2018;5(6):2038. https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20184256</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ballard DW, Kuppermann N, Vinson DR, et al; Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN), Clinical Research on Emergency Services and Treatment (CREST) Network, Partners HealthCare. Implementation of a clinical decision support system for children with minor blunt head trauma who are at nonnegligible risk for traumatic brain injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;73(5):440–451. PMID: 30583957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.11.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ballard DW, Kuppermann N, Vinson DR, et al; Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN), Clinical Research on Emergency Services and Treatment (CREST) Network, Partners HealthCare. Implementation of a clinical decision support system for children with minor blunt head trauma who are at nonnegligible risk for traumatic brain injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;73(5):440–451. PMID: 30583957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.11.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee LK, Monroe D, Bachman MC, et al; Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Working Group of Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN). Isolated loss of consciousness in children with minor blunt head trauma. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168(9):837–843. PMID: 25003654. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.361</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee LK, Monroe D, Bachman MC, et al; Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Working Group of Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN). Isolated loss of consciousness in children with minor blunt head trauma. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168(9):837–843. PMID: 25003654. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.361</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dayan PS, Holmes JF, Hoyle J Jr, et al; Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN). Headache in traumatic brain injuries from blunt head trauma. Pediatrics. 2015;135(3):504–512. PMID: 25647678. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-2695</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dayan PS, Holmes JF, Hoyle J Jr, et al; Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN). Headache in traumatic brain injuries from blunt head trauma. Pediatrics. 2015;135(3):504–512. PMID: 25647678. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-2695</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wintermark M, Sanelli PC, Anzai Y, et al; ACR Head Injury Institute, ACR Head Injury Institute. Imaging evidence and recommendations for traumatic brain injury: conventional neuroimaging techniques. J Am Coll Radiol. 2015;12(2):e1–e14. PMID: 25456317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2014.10.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wintermark M, Sanelli PC, Anzai Y, et al; ACR Head Injury Institute, ACR Head Injury Institute. Imaging evidence and recommendations for traumatic brain injury: conventional neuroimaging techniques. J Am Coll Radiol. 2015;12(2):e1–e14. PMID: 25456317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2014.10.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shetty VS, Reis MN, Aulino JM, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria head trauma. J Am Coll Radiol. 2016;13(6):668–679. PMID: 27262056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2016.02.023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shetty VS, Reis MN, Aulino JM, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria head trauma. J Am Coll Radiol. 2016;13(6):668–679. PMID: 27262056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2016.02.023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quayle KS, Powell EC, Mahajan P, et al. Epidemiology of blunt head trauma in children in U.S. emergency departments. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(20):1945–1947. PMID: 25390756. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1407902</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quayle KS, Powell EC, Mahajan P, et al. Epidemiology of blunt head trauma in children in U.S. emergency departments. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(20):1945–1947. PMID: 25390756. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1407902</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Валиуллина С.А., Шарова Е.А. Заболеваемость детей черепно-мозговой травмой в Российской Федерации: эпидемиология и экономические аспекты. Казанский медицинский журнал. 2015;96(4):581–587. https://doi.org/10.17750/kmj2015-581</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valiullina SA, Sharova EA. Prevalence of traumatic brain injury in children of Russian Federation: epidemiology and economic aspects. Kazan Medical Journal. 2015;96(4):581–587. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17750/kmj2015-581</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haarbauer-Krupa J, Arbogast KB, Metzger KB, et al. Variations in mechanisms of injury for children with concussion. J Pediatr. 2018;197:241–248.e1. PMID: 29627189. PMCID: PMC6029621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.01.075</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haarbauer-Krupa J, Arbogast KB, Metzger KB, et al. Variations in mechanisms of injury for children with concussion. J Pediatr. 2018;197:241–248.e1. PMID: 29627189. PMCID: PMC6029621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.01.075</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Lancet. The burden of traumatic brain injury in children. Lancet. 2018;391(10123):813. PMID: 29508730. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30547-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Lancet. The burden of traumatic brain injury in children. Lancet. 2018;391(10123):813. PMID: 29508730. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30547-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taylor CA, Bell JM, Breiding MJ, Xu L. Traumatic brain injury-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths – United States, 2007 and 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2017;66(9):1–16. PMID: 28301451. PMCID: PMC5829835. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6609a1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taylor CA, Bell JM, Breiding MJ, Xu L. Traumatic brain injury-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths – United States, 2007 and 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2017;66(9):1–16. PMID: 28301451. PMCID: PMC5829835. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6609a1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reid LD, Fingar KR. Inpatient stays and emergency department visits involving traumatic brain injury, 2017. In: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020. PMID: 32379407.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reid LD, Fingar KR. Inpatient stays and emergency department visits involving traumatic brain injury, 2017. In: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020. PMID: 32379407.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marincowitz C, Lecky FE, Townend W, Borakati A, Fabbri A, Sheldon TA. The risk of deterioration in GCS13-15 patients with traumatic brain injury identified by computed tomography imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(5):703–718. PMID: 29324173. PMCID: PMC5831640. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2017.5259</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marincowitz C, Lecky FE, Townend W, Borakati A, Fabbri A, Sheldon TA. The risk of deterioration in GCS13-15 patients with traumatic brain injury identified by computed tomography imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(5):703–718. PMID: 29324173. PMCID: PMC5831640. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2017.5259</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Di G, Liu H, Jiang X, et al. Clinical predictors of progressive hemorrhagic injury in children with mild traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol. 2017;8:560. PMID: 29250024. PMCID: PMC5718156. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00560</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Di G, Liu H, Jiang X, et al. Clinical predictors of progressive hemorrhagic injury in children with mild traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol. 2017;8:560. PMID: 29250024. PMCID: PMC5718156. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00560</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Araki T, Yokota H, Morita A. Pediatric traumatic brain injury: characteristic features, diagnosis, and management. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2017;57(20):82–93. PMID: 28111406. PMCID: PMC5341344. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.ra.2016-0191</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Araki T, Yokota H, Morita A. Pediatric traumatic brain injury: characteristic features, diagnosis, and management. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2017;57(20):82–93. PMID: 28111406. PMCID: PMC5341344. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.ra.2016-0191</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alahmadi H, Vachhrajani S, Cusimano MD. The natural history of brain contusion: an analysis of radiological and clinical progression. J Neurosurg. 2010;112(5):1139–1345. PMID: 19575576. https://doi.org/10.3171/2009.5.JNS081369</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alahmadi H, Vachhrajani S, Cusimano MD. The natural history of brain contusion: an analysis of radiological and clinical progression. J Neurosurg. 2010;112(5):1139–1345. PMID: 19575576. https://doi.org/10.3171/2009.5.JNS081369</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gelernter R, Weiser G, Kozer E. Computed tomography findings in young children with minor head injury presenting to the emergency department greater than 24h post injury. Injury. 2018;49(1):82–85. PMID: 28923560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2017.09.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gelernter R, Weiser G, Kozer E. Computed tomography findings in young children with minor head injury presenting to the emergency department greater than 24h post injury. Injury. 2018;49(1):82–85. PMID: 28923560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2017.09.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riemann L, Zweckberger K, Unterberg A, El Damaty A, Younsi A; Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) Investigators and Participants. Injury causes and severity in pediatric traumatic brain injury patients admitted to the ward or intensive care unit: a Collaborative European Neurotrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study. Front Neurol. 2020;11:345. PMID: 32425879. PMCID: PMC7205018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00345</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riemann L, Zweckberger K, Unterberg A, El Damaty A, Younsi A; Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) Investigators and Participants. Injury causes and severity in pediatric traumatic brain injury patients admitted to the ward or intensive care unit: a Collaborative European Neurotrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study. Front Neurol. 2020;11:345. PMID: 32425879. PMCID: PMC7205018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00345</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarioglu FC, Sahin H, Pekcevik Y, Sarioglu O, Oztekin O. Pediatric head trauma: an extensive review on imaging requisites and unique imaging findings. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2018;44(3):351–368. PMID: 28916852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-017-0838-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarioglu FC, Sahin H, Pekcevik Y, Sarioglu O, Oztekin O. Pediatric head trauma: an extensive review on imaging requisites and unique imaging findings. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2018;44(3):351–368. PMID: 28916852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-017-0838-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dalle Ore CL, Rennert RC, Schupper AJ, et al. The identification of a subgroup of children with traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage at low risk of neuroworsening. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018;22(5):559–566. PMID: 30095347. https://doi.org/10.3171/2018.5.PEDS18140</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dalle Ore CL, Rennert RC, Schupper AJ, et al. The identification of a subgroup of children with traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage at low risk of neuroworsening. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018;22(5):559–566. PMID: 30095347. https://doi.org/10.3171/2018.5.PEDS18140</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koegel C, McCallum R, Greenhill M, et al. Imaging of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. J Am Osteopath Coll Radiol. 2008;8(3):13–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koegel C, McCallum R, Greenhill M, et al. Imaging of traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. J Am Osteopath Coll Radiol. 2008;8(3):13–20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gaillard F, El-Feky M, Knipe H, et al. Subdural hemorrhage. Reference article. Radiopaedia.org. May 2, 2008. Updated December 12, 2023. Accessed October 9, 2023. https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-2121</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaillard F, El-Feky M, Knipe H, et al. Subdural hemorrhage. Reference article. Radiopaedia.org. May 2, 2008. Updated December 12, 2023. Accessed October 9, 2023. https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-2121</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lolli V, Pezzullo M, Delpierre I, Sadeghi N. MDCT imaging of traumatic brain injury. Br J Radiol. 2016;89(1061):20150849. PMID: 26607650. PMCID: PMC4985461. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20150849</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lolli V, Pezzullo M, Delpierre I, Sadeghi N. MDCT imaging of traumatic brain injury. Br J Radiol. 2016;89(1061):20150849. PMID: 26607650. PMCID: PMC4985461. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20150849</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mata-Mbemba D, Mugikura S, Nakagawa A, et al. Traumatic midline subarachnoid hemorrhage on initial computed tomography as a marker of severe diffuse axonal injury. J Neurosurg. 2018;129(5):1317–1324. PMID: 29303451. https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.6.JNS17466</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mata-Mbemba D, Mugikura S, Nakagawa A, et al. Traumatic midline subarachnoid hemorrhage on initial computed tomography as a marker of severe diffuse axonal injury. J Neurosurg. 2018;129(5):1317–1324. PMID: 29303451. https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.6.JNS17466</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
