<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">inovmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Инновационная медицина Кубани</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Innovative Medicine of Kuban</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9897</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Institute – Ochapovsky Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35401/2541-9897-2024-9-2-34-41</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">inovmed-841</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние дозы внутривенного инсулина на скорость купирования диабетического кетоацидоза</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Intravenous Insulin Infusion Rate and Its Impact on the Time to Resolution of Diabetic Ketoacidosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4705-3823</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Быков</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bykov</surname><given-names>Y. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Быков Юрий Витальевич, к. м. н., доцент кафедры анестезиологии и реаниматологии с курсом ДПО</p><p>355017, Ставрополь, ул. Мира, 310</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuri V. Bykov, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor at the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care with the Additional Professional Education Course</p><p>Stavropol State Medical University, ulitsa Mira 310, Stavropol, 355017</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yubykov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9990-7272</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Обедин</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Obedin</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Обедин Александр Николаевич, д. м. н., доцент, заведующий кафедрой анестезиологии и реаниматологии с курсом ДПО</p><p>Ставрополь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander N. Obedin, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care with the Additional Professional Education Course</p><p>Stavropol</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4460-870X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муравьева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Muravyova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Муравьева Алла Анатольевна, к. м. н., доцент кафедры анестезиологии и реаниматологии с курсом ДПО,</p><p>Ставрополь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alla A. Muravyova, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor at the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care with  the Additional Professional Education Course</p><p>Stavropol</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4729-5101</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зинченко</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zinchenko</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зинченко Олег Васильевич, к. м. н., доцент кафедры анестезиологии и реаниматологии с курсом ДПО, С</p><p>Ставрополь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oleg V. Zinchenko, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor at the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care with the Additional Professional Education Course</p><p>Stavropol</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет; Детская городская клиническая больница им. Г.К. Филиппского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Stavropol State Medical University;  Filippskiy Children’s City Clinical Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет; Ставропольский краевой клинический перинатальный центр № 1</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Stavropol State Medical University; Stavropol Regional Clinical Perinatal Center No. 1</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Stavropol State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>34</fpage><lpage>41</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Быков Ю.В., Обедин А.Н., Муравьева А.А., Зинченко О.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Быков Ю.В., Обедин А.Н., Муравьева А.А., Зинченко О.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bykov Y.V., Obedin A.N., Muravyova A.A., Zinchenko O.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.innovmedkub.ru/jour/article/view/841">https://www.innovmedkub.ru/jour/article/view/841</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность: Диабетический кетоацидоз (ДКА) – острое и тяжелое осложнение сахарного диабета 1 типа с высоким проявлением у детей и подростков. Внутривенная (в/в) инсулинотерапия является основным компонентом интенсивной терапии ДКА, однако применение стандартных доз (0,1 ЕД/кг/ч) повышает риск развития отека головного мозга (ОГМ). Цель исследования: Сравнить эффективность и безопасность низких (0,05 ЕД/кг/ч) и высоких (0,1 ЕД/кг/ч) доз в/в инсулина у детей и подростков на этапе купирования ДКА.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: В рандомизированное слепое исследование было включено 86 детей в возрасте от 5 до 14 лет с проявлениями ДКА, экстренно госпитализированных в стационар. I группу составили 40 детей, которые получали низкие дозы в/в инсулина (0,05 ЕД/кг/ч), во II группу вошли 46 детей, получавшие стандартные дозы в/в инсулина (0,1 ЕД/кг/ч). По ходу интенсивной терапии сравнивали скорость купирования ДКА, снижение уровня гипергликемии до уровня 15 ммоль/л, фиксировали случаи возникновения гипогликемии, гипокалиемии, наличие отека диска зрительного нерва. Достоверность различий определяли при помощи критерия Манна-Уитни.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: Длительность течения ДКА в I и II группах была одинаковой. Скорость снижения гипергликемии до уровня 15 ммоль/л было более плавным у детей, получавших в/в инсулин в дозе 0,05 ЕД/кг/ч. Частота возникновения случаев гипогликемии, гипокалиемии, отека диска зрительного нерва была выше в группе детей, получавших в/в инсулин в стандартной дозе (0,1 ЕД/кг/ч).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение: Низкие дозы в/в инсулина (0,05 ЕД/кг/ч) являются более безопасным вариантом в отношении осложнений (ОГМ), связанных с интенсивной терапией ДКА у детей и подростков и не уступают по эффективности стандартным рекомендуемым дозировкам инсулина (0,1 ЕД/кг/ч).</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute and severe complication of type 1 diabetes that is highly prevalent in children and adolescents. Intravenous (IV) insulin infusion is the mainstay of DKA treatment in the intensive care unit; however, standard-dose (0.1 U/kg/h) insulin infusion increases the risk of cerebral edema.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of low-dose (0.05 U/kg/h) vs high-dose (0.1 U/kg/h) IV insulin infusion in children and adolescents treated for DKA. Materials and methods: Our randomized single-blind study included 86 patients aged 5 to 14 years urgently hospitalized with symptoms of DKA. Group 1 comprised 40 children who received IV insulin at the low rate (0.05 U/kg/h), whereas group 2 included 46 children who received IV insulin at the standard rate (0.1 U/kg/h). During the treatment we compared the time to DKA resolution and blood glucose level decrease to 15 mmol/L and recorded cases of hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, and papilledema. The MannWhitney test was used to determine whether differences were statistically significant.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: There was no difference between groups 1 and 2 in DKA treatment duration. The blood glucose level was found to decline to 15 mmol/L more slowly in children who received IV insulin at 0.05 U/kg/h. Hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, and papilledema were more common in the standard-dose (0.1 U/kg/h) group.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions: The low-dose IV insulin infusion (0.05 U/kg/h) is safer in terms of complications (cerebral edema) associated with pediatric DKA treatment in the intensive care unit and not inferior to the standard recommended dose (0.1 U/kg/h) in efficacy.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>диабетический кетоацидоз</kwd><kwd>дети и подростки</kwd><kwd>внутривенный инсулин</kwd><kwd>отек головного мозга</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diabetic ketoacidosis</kwd><kwd>children and adolescents</kwd><kwd>intravenous insulin</kwd><kwd>cerebral edema</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alshurtan KS, Alnizari O, Aldarwish H, Al-Tufaif AA. Efficacy and safety of intravenous insulin in treatment of patient with diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2022;14(10):e30721. PMID: 36439560. PMCID: PMC9696865. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30721</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alshurtan KS, Alnizari O, Aldarwish H, Al-Tufaif AA. Efficacy and safety of intravenous insulin in treatment of patient with diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2022;14(10):e30721. PMID: 36439560. PMCID: PMC9696865. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30721</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kostopoulou E, Sinopidis X, Fouzas S, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents; diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(15):2602. PMID: 37568965. PMCID: PMC10416834. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13152602</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostopoulou E, Sinopidis X, Fouzas S, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents; diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(15):2602. PMID: 37568965. PMCID: PMC10416834. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13152602</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stuhr K, LeeMaster R, Hickman AW, Reachi B, Pace W, Meek C. Subcutaneous insulin versus traditional intravenous insulin infusion in treatment of mild to moderate diabetic ketoacidosis. J Emerg Med. 2023;65(3):e221–e228. PMID: 37689412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2023.06.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stuhr K, LeeMaster R, Hickman AW, Reachi B, Pace W, Meek C. Subcutaneous insulin versus traditional intravenous insulin infusion in treatment of mild to moderate diabetic ketoacidosis. J Emerg Med. 2023;65(3):e221–e228. PMID: 37689412. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2023.06.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Быков Ю.В. Диабетический кетоацидоз у детей и под­ростков: от патофизиологии до профилактики. Забайкальский медицинский вестник. 2021;(2):85–95. https://doi.org/10.52485/19986173_2021_2_85</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bykov YuV. Diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents: from pathophysiology to prevention. Transbaikalian Medical Bulletin. 2021;(2):85–95. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.52485/19986173_2021_2_85</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Александрович Ю.С., Иванов Д.О., Пшениснов К.В. и др. Интенсивная терапия осложнений сахарного диабета у детей. Children’s medicine of the North-West. 2024;12(1):82–91. https://doi.org/10.56871/CmN-W.2024.40.20.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleksandrovich YuS, Ivanov DO, Pshenisnov KV, et al. Intensive care of complications of diabetes mellitus in children. Children’s Мedicine of the North-West. 2024;12(1):82–91. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.56871/CmN-W.2024.40.20.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elendu C, David JA, Udoyen AO, et al. Comprehensive review of diabetic ketoacidosis: an update. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2023;85(6):2802–2807. PMID: 37363479. PMCID: PMC10289692. https://doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000000894</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elendu C, David JA, Udoyen AO, et al. Comprehensive review of diabetic ketoacidosis: an update. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2023;85(6):2802–2807. PMID: 37363479. PMCID: PMC10289692. https://doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000000894</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Магомедова К.Ш., Быков Ю.В., Батурин В.А. Диабетический кетоацидоз и когнитивные нарушения у детей и подростков. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2023;22(3):132–140. https://doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2023-3-132-140</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magomedova KSh, Bykov YuV, Baturin VA. Diabetic ketoacidosis and cognitive impairment in children and adolescents. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2023;22(3):132–140. (In Russ.). https:// doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2023-3-132-140</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ravikumar N, Bansal A. Application of bench studies at the bedside to improve outcomes in the management of severe diabetic ketoacidosis in children-a narrative review. Transl Pediatr. 2021;10(10):2792–2798. PMID: 34765501. PMCID: PMC8578791. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp-21-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ravikumar N, Bansal A. Application of bench studies at the bedside to improve outcomes in the management of severe diabetic ketoacidosis in children-a narrative review. Transl Pediatr. 2021;10(10):2792–2798. PMID: 34765501. PMCID: PMC8578791. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp-21-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Быков Ю.В., Батурин В.А. Патофизиологические механизмы отека головного мозга при диабетическом кетоацидозе в детской практике. Медицина. 2021;9(1):116–127. https://doi.org/10.29234/2308-9113-2021-9-1-116-127</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bykov YuV, Baturin VA. Pathophysiological mechanisms of cerebral edema in diabetic ketoacidosis in pediatric practice. Medicine. 2021;9(1):116–127. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.29234/2308-9113-2021-9-1-116-127</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jouini S, Othmani S, Aloui A, Bouzid K, Manai H, Hedhli H. Efficacy and safety of two protocols of intravenous insulin therapy in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis. Tunis Med. 2022;100(12):830–836. PMID: 37551533. PMCID: PMC10481825.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jouini S, Othmani S, Aloui A, Bouzid K, Manai H, Hedhli H. Efficacy and safety of two protocols of intravenous insulin therapy in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis. Tunis Med. 2022;100(12):830–836. PMID: 37551533. PMCID: PMC10481825.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kahn CR. “100 years of progress in understanding insulin, its mechanism of action, and its roles in disease and diabetes therapy”. Mol Metab. 2021;52:101318. PMID: 34478731. PMCID: PMC8513140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101318</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kahn CR. “100 years of progress in understanding insulin, its mechanism of action, and its roles in disease and diabetes therapy”. Mol Metab. 2021;52:101318. PMID: 34478731. PMCID: PMC8513140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101318</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolfsdorf JI, Glaser N, Agus M, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19 Suppl 27:155–177. PMID: 29900641. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12701</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolfsdorf JI, Glaser N, Agus M, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19 Suppl 27:155–177. PMID: 29900641. https://doi. org/10.1111/pedi.12701</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castellanos L, Tuffaha M, Koren D, Levitsky LL. Management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Paediatr Drugs. 2020;22(4):357–367. PMID: 32449138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40272-020-00397-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castellanos L, Tuffaha M, Koren D, Levitsky LL. Management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Paediatr Drugs. 2020;22(4):357–367. PMID: 32449138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40272-020-00397-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rameshkumar R, Satheesh P, Jain P, et al. Low-dose (0.05 Unit/kg/hour) vs standard-dose (0.1 Unit/kg/hour) insulin in the management of pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Indian Pediatr. 2021;58(7):617–623. PMID: 33612484.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rameshkumar R, Satheesh P, Jain P, et al. Low-dose (0.05 Unit/kg/hour) vs standard-dose (0.1 Unit/kg/hour) insulin in the management of pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Indian Pediatr. 2021;58(7):617–623. PMID: 33612484.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dunger DB, Sperling MA, Acerini GL, et al; European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology, Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology/Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society consensus statement on diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004:113(2):e133–e140. PMID: 14754983. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.2.e133</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dunger DB, Sperling MA, Acerini GL, et al; European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology, Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology/Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society consensus statement on diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004:113(2):e133–e140. PMID: 14754983. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.113.2.e133</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bradley P, Tobias JD. Serum glucose changes during insulin therapy in pediatric patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Am J Ther. 2007;14(3):265–268. PMID: 17515702. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mjt.0000209687.52571.65</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bradley P, Tobias JD. Serum glucose changes during insulin therapy in pediatric patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Am J Ther. 2007;14(3):265–268. PMID: 17515702. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mjt.0000209687.52571.65</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kapellen T, Vogel C, Telleis D, Siekmeyer M, Kiess W. Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) with 2 different regimens regarding fluid substitution and insulin dosage (0.025 vs. 0.1 units/kg/h). Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2012;120(5): 273–276. PMID: 22328113. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1299706</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kapellen T, Vogel C, Telleis D, Siekmeyer M, Kiess W. Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) with 2 different regimens regarding fluid substitution and insulin dosage (0.025 vs. 0.1 units/kg/h). Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2012;120(5): 273–276. PMID: 22328113. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1299706</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lim CY, In J. Randomization in clinical studies. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2019;72(3):221–232. Published correction appears in Korean J Anesthesiol. 2019;72(4):396. PMID: 30929415. PM-CID: PMC6547231. https://doi.org/10.4097/kja.19049</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lim CY, In J. Randomization in clinical studies. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2019;72(3):221–232. Published correction appears in Korean J Anesthesiol. 2019;72(4):396. PMID: 30929415. PMCID: PMC6547231. https://doi.org/10.4097/kja.19049</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Под ред. И.И. Дедова, В.А. Петерковой. Федеральные клинические рекомендации (протоколы) по ведению детей с эндокринными заболеваниями. Практика; 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dedov II, Peterkova VA, eds. Federal Clinical Guidelines (Protocols) for Management of Endocrine Disorders in Children. Praktika; 2014. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bajaj J, Yadav Y, Sharma D. Modifications of Glasgow Coma Scale—a systematic review. Indian J Surg. 2023;85(5):1023– 1034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-023-03678-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bajaj J, Yadav Y, Sharma D. Modifications of Glasgow Coma Scale—a systematic review. Indian J Surg. 2023;85(5):1023– 1034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-023-03678-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Szmygel Ł, Kosiak W, Zorena K, Myśliwiec M. Optic nerve and cerebral edema in the course of diabetic ketoacidosis. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2016;14(8):784–791. PMID: 26915420. PMCID: PMC5333594. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x14666160225155151</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Szmygel Ł, Kosiak W, Zorena K, Myśliwiec M. Optic nerve and cerebral edema in the course of diabetic ketoacidosis. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2016;14(8):784–791. PMID: 26915420. PMCID: PMC5333594. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570 159x14666160225155151</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al Hanshi S, Shann F. Insulin infused at 0.05 versus 0.1 units/kg/hr in children admitted to intensive care with diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2011;12(2):137–140. PMID: 20473242. https://doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181e2a21b</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al Hanshi S, Shann F. Insulin infused at 0.05 versus 0.1 units/kg/hr in children admitted to intensive care with diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2011;12(2):137–140. PMID: 20473242. https://doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181e2a21b</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Puttha R, Cooke D, Subbarayan A, et al; North West England Paediatric Diabetes Network. Low dose (0.05 units/kg/h) is comparable with standard dose (0.1 units/kg/h) intravenous insulin infusion for the initial treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in children with type 1 diabetes-an observational study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2010;11(1):12–17. PMID: 19602154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00536.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puttha R, Cooke D, Subbarayan A, et al; North West England Paediatric Diabetes Network. Low dose (0.05 units/kg/h) is comparable with standard dose (0.1 units/kg/h) intravenous insulin infusion for the initial treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in children with type 1 diabetes-an observational study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2010;11(1):12–17. PMID: 19602154. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1399-5448.2009.00536.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nallasamy K, Jayashree M, Singhi S, Bansal A. Lowdose vs standard-dose insulin in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics. 2014;168(11):999– 1005. PMID: 25264948. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.1211</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nallasamy K, Jayashree M, Singhi S, Bansal A. Lowdose vs standard-dose insulin in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics. 2014;168(11):999– 1005. PMID: 25264948. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.1211</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forestell B, Battaglia F, Sharif S, et al. Insulin infusion dosing in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Explor. 2023;5(2):e0857. PMID: 36844374. PMCID: PMC9943979. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCE.0000000000000857</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forestell B, Battaglia F, Sharif S, et al. Insulin infusion dosing in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Explor. 2023;5(2):e0857. PMID: 36844374. PMCID: PMC9943979. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCE.0000000000000857</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosenbloom AL. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Diabetes Ther. 2010;1(2):103–120. PMID: 22127748. PMCID: PMC3138479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-010-0008-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosenbloom AL. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Diabetes Ther. 2010;1(2):103–120. PMID: 22127748. PMCID: PMC3138479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-010-0008-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edge JA, Jakes RW, Roy Y, et al. The UK case-control study of cerebral oedema complicating diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Diabetologia. 2006;49(9):2002–2009. PMID: 16847700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-006-0363-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edge JA, Jakes RW, Roy Y, et al. The UK case-control study of cerebral oedema complicating diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Diabetologia. 2006;49(9):2002–2009. PMID: 16847700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-006-0363-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Azova S, Rapaport R, Wolfsdorf J. Brain injury in children with diabetic ketoacidosis: review of the literature and a proposed pathophysiologic pathway for the development of cerebral edema. Pediatr Diabetes. 2021;22(2):148–160. PMID: 33197066. PMCID: PMC10127934. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13152</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azova S, Rapaport R, Wolfsdorf J. Brain injury in children with diabetic ketoacidosis: review of the literature and a proposed pathophysiologic pathway for the development of cerebral edema. Pediatr Diabetes. 2021;22(2):148–160. PMID: 33197066. PMCID: PMC10127934. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13152</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
