<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">inovmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Инновационная медицина Кубани</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Innovative Medicine of Kuban</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9897</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific Research Institute – Ochapovsky Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.35401/2541-9897-2024-9-4-7-13</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">inovmed-931</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Осложнения раннего послеоперационного периода после расширенных хирургических вмешательств на легких</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Early Postoperative Complications Following Extensive Lung Surgery</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0992-0802</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ибадов</surname><given-names>Р. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ibadov</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ибадов Равшан Алиевич - д. м. н., профессор, руководитель отделения реанимации и интенсивной терапии.</p><p>Ташкент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ravshan A. Ibadov - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Intensive Care Unit, Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Surgery named after Academician V. Vakhidov.</p><p>Tashkent</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1351-839X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эшонходжаев</surname><given-names>О. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Eshonkhodjaev</surname><given-names>O. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Эшонходжаев Отабек Джураевич - д. м. н., профессор, первый заместитель директора.</p><p>Ташкент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Otabek D. Eshonkhodjaev - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, First Deputy Director, Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Surgery named after Academician V. Vakhidov.</p><p>Tashkent</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2876-411X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ибрагимов</surname><given-names>С. Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ibragimov</surname><given-names>S. Kh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ибрагимов Сардор Хамдамович - к. м. н., старший научный сотрудник отделения реанимации и интенсивной терапии.</p><p>100115, Ташкент, ул. Кичик Халка Йули 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sardor Kh. Ibragimov - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Intensive Care Unit, Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Surgery named after Academician Vakhidov.</p><p>10 Kichik halqa yo‘li ko‘chasi, 10, Tashkent, 100115</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dr.sardor.ibragimov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7423-5082</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тургунов</surname><given-names>Б. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Turgunov</surname><given-names>B. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тургунов Баходир Фарходович - врач анестезиолог-реаниматолог.</p><p>Ташкент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bahodir F. Turgunov - Anesthesiologist-Intensivist, Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Surgery named after Academician V. Vakhidov.</p><p>Tashkent</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Республиканский специализированный научно-практический медицинский центр хирургии им. акад. В. Вахидова</institution><country>Узбекистан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Surgery named after Academician V. Vakhidov</institution><country>Uzbekistan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>13</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ибадов Р.А., Эшонходжаев О.Д., Ибрагимов С.Х., Тургунов Б.Ф., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ибадов Р.А., Эшонходжаев О.Д., Ибрагимов С.Х., Тургунов Б.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ibadov R.A., Eshonkhodjaev O.D., Ibragimov S.K., Turgunov B.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.innovmedkub.ru/jour/article/view/931">https://www.innovmedkub.ru/jour/article/view/931</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность: Расширенные хирургические вмешательства играют ключевую роль в лечении различных заболеваний легких, однако эти сложные процедуры связаны с высоким риском ранних послеоперационных осложнений.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: Оценить результаты раннего послеоперационного периода хирургического лечения больных различными заболеваниями легких с определением факторов риска развития послеоперационных осложнений.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: Представлены результаты анализа послеоперационных осложнений у 377 пациентов, перенесших расширенные операции на легких. Средний возраст составил 45,7±5,2 года. Большая часть пациентов (56,0%) имела злокачественные или доброкачественные опухоли легких. Наиболее часто проводились лобэктомии. Пневмонэктомии составили 26,5%.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: Общая частота кардиоваскулярных осложнений составила 8,2%. Наибольшее количество наблюдалось после пневмонэктомии справа (21,7%). Респираторные осложнения после пневмонэктомии справа составили 34,8%. Лобэктомии и билобэктомии имели меньшую частоту осложнений (4,4 и 6,3% соответственно). Наибольшее количество системных осложнений зафиксировано также после пневмонэктомии справа (23,9%), тогда как лобэктомии имели меньший риск (4,4%). У пациентов с первичной опухолью легких наблюдалось значительно больше осложнений (32,2%) по сравнению с пациентами без онкологии (10,8%). Основными факторами риска были: мужской пол (ОШ 1,6; 95% ДИ 1,1–2,2, p=0,032), возраст ≥60 лет (ОШ 1,9; 95% ДИ 1,5–2,6, р=0,001) и курение (ОШ 1,7; 95% ДИ 1,2–2,5, р=0,019), СРБ&gt;3 мг/дл (ОШ 1,8, 95% ДИ 1,1–2,7, p=0,015) и ОФВ1&lt;60% (ОШ 1,5, 95% ДИ 1,1–2,2, р=0,042), продолжительность операции ≥180 мин (ОШ 1,8; 95% ДИ 1,3–2,3, р=0,002), проведение анестезии без дополнительной эпидуральной анальгезии (ОШ=1,5; 95% ДИ 1,2-2,1; р=0,007). Заключение: Частота осложнений после расширенных хирургических вмешательств на легких составила 22,8%, с наибольшим количеством после правосторонней пневмонэктомии (4,8%), где респираторные осложнения преобладали (14,1%), включая гидроторакс/пневмоторакс (5,0%), ОРДС (4,2%), пневмонию (2,9%) и трахеобронхит, ассоциированный с искусственной вентиляцией легких (2,1%), а основными факторами риска были мужской пол, возраст ≥60 лет, курение, ОФВ1 &lt; 60%, длительная операция, отсутствие эпидуральной анальгезии и высокая скорость инфузии кристаллоидов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background: Extensive surgical procedures play a key role in treatment of various lung diseases. Nevertheless, these complex procedures are associated with a high risk of early postoperative complications.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: To evaluate outcomes of the early postoperative period in patients with various lung diseases and determine risk factors for postoperative complications.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods: We analyzed postoperative complications in 377 patients who underwent extensive lung surgery. The mean age was 45.7 ± 5.2 years. The majority of patients (56.0%) had malignant or benign lung tumors. Lobectomy was the most common type of surgery. Pneumonectomy accounted for 26.5%.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: The overall rate of cardiovascular complications was 8.2%. The highest number of complications was observed after right-sided pneumonectomy (21.7%). Respiratory complications after right-sided pneumonectomy accounted for 34.8%. Lobectomy and bilobectomy had lower rates of complications (4.4% and 6.3%, respectively). The highest number of systemic complications was also recorded after right-sided pneumonectomy (23.9%), whereas lobectomy had a lower risk (4.4%). Patients with primary lung tumors had significantly more complications (32.2%) compared with patients without cancer (10.8%). The main risk factors were male gender (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.2; P = .032), age ≥60 years (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.5-2.6; P = .001), smoking (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.5; P = .019), C-reactive protein level &gt;3 mg/dL (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-2.7; P = .015) and forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration (FEV1) &lt;60% (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.2; P = .042), surgery duration ≥180 minutes (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.3; P = .002), and anesthesia without additional epidural analgesia (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-2.1; P = .007).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions: The complication rate after extensive lung surgery was 22.8%, with the highest rate after right-sided pneumonectomy (4.8%). Respiratory complications predominated (14.1%): hydrothorax/pneumothorax (5.0%), acute respiratory distress syndrome (4.2%), pneumonia (2.9%), and ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (2.1%). The main risk factors were male gender, age ≥60 years, smoking, FEV1 &lt;60%, long surgery, no epidural analgesia, and high crystalloid infusion rate.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хирургия легких</kwd><kwd>ранний послеоперационный период</kwd><kwd>респираторные осложнения</kwd><kwd>кардиоваскулярные осложнения</kwd><kwd>системные осложнения</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lung surgery</kwd><kwd>early postoperative period</kwd><kwd>respiratory complications</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular complications</kwd><kwd>systemic complications</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diotti C, Bertolaccini L, Girelli L, et al. Pneumonectomy for broncho-pulmonary carcinoids: a single centre analysis of surgical approaches and patient outcomes. Front Oncol. 2024;14:1383352. PMID: 39114309. PMCID: PMC11303279. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2024.1383352</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diotti C, Bertolaccini L, Girelli L, et al. Pneumonectomy for broncho-pulmonary carcinoids: a single centre analysis of surgical approaches and patient outcomes. Front Oncol. 2024;14:1383352. PMID: 39114309. PMCID: PMC11303279. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2024.1383352</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grapatsas K, Menghesha H, Dörr F, et al. Pneumonectomy for primary lung tumors and pulmonary metastases: a comprehensive study of postoperative morbidity, early mortality, and preoperative clinical prognostic factors. Curr Oncol. 2023;30(11):9458–9474. PMID: 37999105. PMCID: PMC10670891. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30110685</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grapatsas K, Menghesha H, Dörr F, et al. Pneumonectomy for primary lung tumors and pulmonary metastases: a comprehensive study of postoperative morbidity, early mortality, and preoperative clinical prognostic factors. Curr Oncol. 2023;30(11):9458–9474. PMID: 37999105. PMCID: PMC10670891. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30110685</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lesser T. Die Pneumektomie ist berechtigt zur radikalen Resektion eines NSCLC – auch bei mediastinalem Lymphknotenbefall. Kompass Pneumologie. 2022;10(6):290–293. (In German). https://doi.org/10.1159/000527280</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lesser T. Die Pneumektomie ist berechtigt zur radikalen Resektion eines NSCLC – auch bei mediastinalem Lymphknotenbefall. Kompass Pneumologie. 2022;10(6):290–293. (In German). https://doi.org/10.1159/000527280</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feyissa M, Gullilat D, Kassa S, Bezabih A. Surviving pneumonectomy: identifying key determinants and outcomes. Preprint. Posted online July 3, 2023. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3103752/v1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feyissa M, Gullilat D, Kassa S, Bezabih A. Surviving pneumonectomy: identifying key determinants and outcomes. Preprint. Posted online July 3, 2023. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3103752/v1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jammer I, Wickboldt N, Sander M, et al; European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA) and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM); European Society of Anaesthesiology; European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Standards for definitions and use of outcome measures for clinical effectiveness research in perioperative medicine: European Perioperative Clinical Outcome (EPCO) definitions: a statement from the ESA-ESICM joint taskforce on perioperative outcome measures. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2015;32(2):88–105. PMID: 25058504. https://doi.org/10.1097/EJA.0000000000000118</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jammer I, Wickboldt N, Sander M, et al; European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA) and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM); European Society of Anaesthesiology; European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Standards for definitions and use of outcome measures for clinical effectiveness research in perioperative medicine: European Perioperative Clinical Outcome (EPCO) definitions: a statement from the ESA-ESICM joint taskforce on perioperative outcome measures. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2015;32(2):88–105. PMID: 25058504. https://doi.org/10.1097/EJA.0000000000000118</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Порханов В.А., Данилов В.В., Поляков И.С., Кононенко В.Б., Жихарев В.А., Крыгин С.А. Миниинвазивные видеоторакоскопические и робот-ассистированные лобэктомии. Хирургия. Журнал им. Н.И. Пирогова. 2019;(8):46–52. PMID: 31464274. https://doi.org/10.17116/hirurgia201908146</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porkhanov VA, Danilov VV, Polyakov IS, Kononenko VB, Zhikharev VA, Krygin SA. Minimally invasive thoracoscopic and robot-assisted lobectomy. Khirurgiia (Mosk). 2019;(8):46–52. (In Russ.). PMID: 31464274. https://doi.org/10.17116/hirurgia201908146</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brunelli A, Salati M, Rocco G, et al; ESTS Database Committee. European risk models for morbidity (EuroLung1) and mortality (EuroLung2) to predict outcome following anatomic lung resections: an analysis from the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2017;51(3):490–497. Published correction appears in Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2017;51(6):1212. PMID: 27744321. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezw319</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brunelli A, Salati M, Rocco G, et al; ESTS Database Committee. European risk models for morbidity (EuroLung1) and mortality (EuroLung2) to predict outcome following anatomic lung resections: an analysis from the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2017;51(3):490–497. Published correction appears in Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2017;51(6):1212. PMID: 27744321. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezw319</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rueth NM, Parsons HM, Habermann EB, et al. Surgical treatment of lung cancer: predicting postoperative morbidity in the elderly population. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143(6):1314–1323. PMID: 22341420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.09.072</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rueth NM, Parsons HM, Habermann EB, et al. Surgical treatment of lung cancer: predicting postoperative morbidity in the elderly population. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143(6):1314–1323. PMID: 22341420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.09.072</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li AX, Canavan ME, Ermer T, et al. Respect the middle lobe: perioperative risk of bilobectomy compared with lobectomy and pneumonectomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2024;117(1):163–171. PMID: 37774762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2023.09.023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li AX, Canavan ME, Ermer T, et al. Respect the middle lobe: perioperative risk of bilobectomy compared with lobectomy and pneumonectomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2024;117(1):163–171. PMID: 37774762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2023.09.023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Z, Zhang J, Cheng Z, et al. Factors affecting major morbidity after video-assisted thoracic surgery for lung cancer. J Surg Res. 2014;192(2):628–634. PMID: 25167779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2014.07.051</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Z, Zhang J, Cheng Z, et al. Factors affecting major morbidity after video-assisted thoracic surgery for lung cancer. J Surg Res. 2014;192(2):628–634. PMID: 25167779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2014.07.051</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berry MF, Onaitis MW, Tong BC, Harpole DH, D’Amico TA. A model for morbidity after lung resection in octogenarians. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;39(6):989–994. PMID: 21276728. PMCID: PMC3090538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2010.09.038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berry MF, Onaitis MW, Tong BC, Harpole DH, D’Amico TA. A model for morbidity after lung resection in octogenarians. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;39(6):989–994. PMID: 21276728. PMCID: PMC3090538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2010.09.038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ларин В.Ф., Жихарев В.А., Бушуев А.С. и др. Изменение уровня NT-proBNP и среднего давления в легочной артерии после бронхопластических лобэктомий и пневмонэктомий как маркер дисфункции правого желудочка. Инновационная медицина Кубани. 2021;(1):6–13. https://doi.org/10.35401/2500-0268-2021-21-1-6-13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larin VF, Zhikharev VA, Bushuev AS, et al. Changes in the level of NT-proBNP and mean pulmonary artery pressure following bronchoplastic lobectomy or pneumonectomy as markers of right ventricular dysfunction. Innovative Medicine of Kuban. 2021;(1):6–13. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.35401/2500-0268-2021-21-1-6-13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Атюков М.А., Земцова И.Ю., Петров A.С., Жемчугова-Зеленова О.А., Яблонский П.К. Сравнительный анализ ближайших результатов анатомических резекций легких, выполненных из видеоторакоскопического и торакотомного доступов. Инновационная медицина Кубани. 2024;9(1):18–27. https://doi.org/10.35401/2541-9897-2024-9-1-18-27</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atyukov MA, Zemtsova IYu, Petrov AS, Zhemchugova-Zelenova OA, Yablonskiy PK. Comparative analysis of short-term outcomes of anatomical lung resections using video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and thoracotomy approaches. Innovative Medicine of Kuban. 2024;9(1):18–27. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.35401/2541-9897-2024-9-1-18-27</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
