Background: Cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) is a new term that encompasses a wide range of potential manifestations and is etiologically associated with a wide variety of cancer treatments. Detection of early subclinical cardiac dysfunction is of great clinical importance.

Objective: To assess subclinical CTRCD in women with HER2-positive locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer undergoing a course of anthracyclines (doxorubicin), docetaxel, and trastuzumab. We prospectively enrolled women aged 18-75 years with an established diagnosis of HER2-positive locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer across 3 centers.

Material and methods: We monitored 122 women with HER2-positive locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer undergoing a course of anthracyclines (doxorubicin), docetaxel, and trastuzumab using speckle-tracking echocardiography. Based on the treatment protocol, we formed 3 comparison blocks: block 1 (chemotherapy: doxorubicin+cyclophosphamide); block 2 (chemotherapy+targeted therapy: docetaxel+trastuzumab), and block 3 (targeted therapy: trastuzumab).

Results: The rate of subclinical CTRCD detection was high and exceeded 20%-30% in all comparison blocks after the 3rd course of chemotherapy, chemotherapy+targeted therapy, and targeted therapy. The rate of subclinical CTRCD increased significantly from the 1st to the 2nd, from the 2nd to the 3rd, from the 3rd to the 4th therapy courses in each block. Comparisons between the blocks were significant only after the 4th course of chemotherapy and the 4th course of targeted therapy (Yates-corrected chi-square, P=.0394); all the other comparisons between the blocks were not significant in terms of subclinical CTRCD rate.

Discussion: Given the growing number of patients with breast cancer, such frequent monitoring of the cardiac function is likely to improve the quality of cancer treatment and might have a positive impact on the overall survival of patients with breast cancer.

Conclusions: Criteria for frequency of echocardiographic monitoring of cardiac dysfunction in patients with malignant tumors, especially with HER2-positive breast cancer, should be revised.

Objective: To evaluate long-term outcomes of mitral valve annuloplasty using an autologous pericardial strip (“soft support ring” type) and a rigid support ring in combination with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) in patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation.

Materials and methods: We carried out retrospective and prospective analyses of the treatment outcomes in 90 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ischemic mitral regurgitation (grade 2 or above) was an inclusion criterion for patients with CHD. Exclusion criteria were as follows: nonischemic mitral regurgitation, acute myocardial infarction, progressive angina pectoris, and repeated heart interventions. The patients were divided into 2 groups. Patients from group 1 underwent CABG with mitral regurgitation correction using a strip of glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium (“soft support ring” type) according to our own method, whereas patients from group 2 underwent CABG with mitral regurgitation correction using a rigid support ring. The analysis revealed that the groups were comparable in all the studied parameters.

Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the number of postoperative complications and hospital mortality between the groups. According to the analyzed data obtained at the time of discharge, all the patients had grade 0-1 mitral regurgitation, which shows a complete restoration of the mitral valve function after annuloplasty. In addition, there was a statistically significant decrease in the end-diastolic volume and an increase in ejection fraction, which is a sign of reverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling. The mean follow-up was 44±7.4 months. No deaths were reported during the follow-up. The results of the examination in the long-term period did not reveal negative dynamics in most patients compared with the findings in the early postoperative period. The LV size also did not change significantly, and the ejection fraction demonstrated an upward trend. One patient in each group had a recurrence of grade 3 mitral regurgitation.

Conclusions: The immediate outcomes showed no recurrence of mitral regurgitation, a low number of intraoperative and postoperative complications, and pronounced reverse LV remodeling. We observed stable results in the long-term follow-up: only one patient in each group had a recurrence of mitral regurgitation. Reverse LV remodeling persisted throughout the follow-up. There were no significant differences between the groups in any parameter, which indicates that the developed annuloplasty method is not inferior to the traditional technique with a rigid support ring.

Background: Despite advances in surgical approaches and various treatment regimens, postoperative mortality after pancreatic surgery remains high (3.8%). Lactate levels and base excess show metabolic changes in the body and are useful prognostic markers of in-hospital mortality.

Objective: To evaluate the prognostic significance of lactate levels and arterial base excess in patients after pancreatic surgery. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed a database of patients who underwent pancreatic surgery (n=134) between 2019 and 2023. The patients were grouped: group 1 (n=11) for the patients who died in the hospital in the postoperative period and group 2 (n=123) for the patients discharged from the hospital.

Results: In group 1, the lactate level at the time of admission was significantly higher than in group 2: 5.61 (2.51-11.13) mmol/L and 1.84 (1.33-2.98) mmol/L, respectively, P<.001. Changes of this parameter on day 1: 3.60 (2.41-4.24) mmol/L in group 1 and 2.27 (1.72-3.64) in group 2, P<.001. On day 2: 2.55 (1.43-3.54) mmol/L in group 1 and 1.40 (1.16-1.92) mmol/L in group 2, P=.001. On day 3: 1.85 (1.57-2.91) mmol/L in group 1 and 1.24 (1.14-1.54) mmol/L in group 2, P=.002. The base excess was also higher in group 1 compared with group 2: −7.50 (−10.75-(−5.40)) mmol/L and −4.00 (−5.30-(−2.35)) mmol/L, respectively, P=.001. Changes of this parameter on day 1: −5.20 (−6.90-(−1.40)) mmol/L in group 1 and −2.70 (−4.00-(−0.80)) in group 2, P=.002. On day 2: −1.90 (−7.00- (−1.40)) mmol/L in group 1 and 1.62 (−0.80-3.50) mmol/L in group 2, P=.006. On day 3: −1.25 (−8.00-2.3) mmol/L in group 1 and 2.55 (0.80-3.80) mmol/L in group 2, P=.027. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for relationship between lactate level and death was 0.833, 95% CI: 0.704-0.962, P<.001. The cutoff point value was 2.5 mmol/L, whereas sensitivity and specificity were 81.8% and 69.1%, respectively. The AUROC for relationship between base excess and death was 0.801, 95% CI: 0.657-0.945, P=.001. The cutoff point value was −6.6 mmol/L, whereas sensitivity and specificity were 72.7% and 84.6%, respectively. When comparing the AUROC values, we found no significant differences (P=.520). Conclusions: Arterial blood lactate and base excess are equally good at predicting in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing pancreatic surgery.

Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute and severe complication of type 1 diabetes that is highly prevalent in children and adolescents. Intravenous (IV) insulin infusion is the mainstay of DKA treatment in the intensive care unit; however, standard-dose (0.1 U/kg/h) insulin infusion increases the risk of cerebral edema.

Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of low-dose (0.05 U/kg/h) vs high-dose (0.1 U/kg/h) IV insulin infusion in children and adolescents treated for DKA. Materials and methods: Our randomized single-blind study included 86 patients aged 5 to 14 years urgently hospitalized with symptoms of DKA. Group 1 comprised 40 children who received IV insulin at the low rate (0.05 U/kg/h), whereas group 2 included 46 children who received IV insulin at the standard rate (0.1 U/kg/h). During the treatment we compared the time to DKA resolution and blood glucose level decrease to 15 mmol/L and recorded cases of hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, and papilledema. The MannWhitney test was used to determine whether differences were statistically significant.

Results: There was no difference between groups 1 and 2 in DKA treatment duration. The blood glucose level was found to decline to 15 mmol/L more slowly in children who received IV insulin at 0.05 U/kg/h. Hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, and papilledema were more common in the standard-dose (0.1 U/kg/h) group.

Conclusions: The low-dose IV insulin infusion (0.05 U/kg/h) is safer in terms of complications (cerebral edema) associated with pediatric DKA treatment in the intensive care unit and not inferior to the standard recommended dose (0.1 U/kg/h) in efficacy.

Introduction: The use of modern technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), in medical imaging is a current hot topic. Standardization of radiologic and ultrasound scans of the studied area is a prerequisite for implementation of this computer system. It is important to create and apply AI in ultrasound diagnosis of fetal central nervous system (CNS) anomalies in order to improve the quality of differential diagnosis.

Objective: To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of AI in detecting fetal CNS anomalies between 19 and 22 weeks’ gestation. Materials and methods: We conducted a multicenter 2-stage study to evaluate AI effectiveness in detecting fetal CNS anomalies between 19 and 22 weeks’ gestation. At stage I, more than 1500 pregnant women underwent sonographic examination of the fetal head in the axial plane with 5 anatomical landmarks, and we recorded a 15-second video in the MP4 format (video sequence). At stage II, we tested “Decision-Making System for Detecting Fetal Central Nervous System Anomalies” to determine its diagnostic accuracy.

Results: The diagnostic accuracy of the developed software (“Formulation of an Imaging-Based Diagnosis of Fetal Central Nervous System Anomalies”) in regard to such parameters as “normal findings” and “abnormal findings” was 78.9%. The diagnostic accuracy for formulation of a specific imaging-based diagnosis was 74.4%.

Conclusions: The AI implemented into modern ultrasound differential diagnosis of fetal CNS anomalies between 19 and 22 weeks’ gestation will make it possible to formulate an imaging-based diagnosis (“normal findings”/“abnormal findings”) with high accuracy and can be used as an additional computer technology in the primary screening of pregnant women.

Background: Meniscus injuries remain the most common indication for orthopedic surgery. Due to advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the number of patients diagnosed with meniscus injuries that do not extend into the articular surface has increased. Although treatments of complete meniscal tears are defined, treatment of meniscus injuries that do not extend into the articular surface is not clear yet.

Objective: To determine the most optimal way of delivering platelet-rich plasma (PRP) into the knee joint for treatment of meniscus injuries (not extending into the articular surface) so that patients would improve clinically, and it would have also an effect on the meniscus shown on MRI.

Materials and methods: We studied treatment results in 87 patients (50 men and 37 women). The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 received an ultrasound-guided PRP injection into the posterior horn, and group 2 received a standard intra-articular PRP injection via the superolateral approach. The treatment efficacy was assessed using visual analog scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) index, Lysholm score, and Knee Society Score (KSS). We also assessed changes on MRI 6 and 12 months after treatment.

Results: The comparative analysis demonstrated that based on the findings of scores and MRI the ultrasound-guided intrameniscal PRP injection is more effective.

Conclusions: Our results show that the intrameniscal PRP injection is a more effective and safe way to treat such meniscus injuries.

Objective: To study the diagnostic efficiency (DE) of sonographic signs in differentiation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and functional bowel disorder (FBD) in children and to develop an optimal mathematical model for differential diagnosis of IBD and FBD using comprehensive assessment of sonographic signs.

Material and methods: We examined 79 children with and without clinical signs of large-bowel disease. All the children underwent bowel ultrasonography with strain elastography. We also determined the level of fecal calprotectin (FC). The FC level > 120 μg/g was a cutoff value to differentiate IBD from FBD.

Results: We determined the DE of sonographic signs in verification of IBD and FBD: large-bowel wall thickening (DE, 87%; P  <  .0001), large-bowel wall stratification (DE, 93.1%; P  <  .0001), enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes (DE, 53.4%; P=.591), interloop ascites (DE, 98.3%; P  <  .0001), Color Doppler findings in the large-bowel wall (DE, 98.3%; P  <  .0001), strain elastography findings in the large-bowel wall (DE, 96.5%; P  <  .0001). We developed an optimal model for differentiation of FBD and IBD using the analysis of sonographic signs (DE, 98.7%).

Conclusions: The sonographic signs (large-bowel wall thickening, large-bowel wall stratification, interloop ascites, color Doppler findings in the large-bowel wall, stiffness found on strain elastography) can be effectively used for differential diagnosis of FBD and IBD in children. The developed mathematical model enables to reliably differentiate children with FBD and IBD.

Background: The history of gunshot wound treatment dates back several centuries. However, every new war or protracted armed conflict makes surgeons return to this issue. In recent years the nature of wounds changed: injuries become more severe, with a larger amount of damaged tissue. Among the wounded persons, blast and fragment injuries prevail over gunshot injuries. Gunshot wounds, as a rule, differ from wounds inflicted by old-style weapons in the scale, depth, and severity of anatomical destruction of soft tissue and bones. Modern physical methods of wound management and preparation of wounds for plastic closure, such as low-frequency ultrasound, enable to debride the wound surface with minimal damage to viable tissues and perform plastic closure of soft tissue defects as radically and as early as could be.

Objective: To improve methods of primary surgical debridement in patients with combat surgical trauma using low-frequency ultrasound.

Materials and methods: We studied treatment results in 176 wounded and injured people hospitalized in the burn unit and the division of plastic surgery and cell transplantation at the V.K. Gusak Institute of Emergency and Reconstructive Surgery (Donetsk, Russian Federation) between 2015 and 2023. All the patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (main) included 86 patients who underwent surgical wound debridement with ultrasonic cavitation. Group 2 consisted of 90 patients who were operated on without ultrasonic wound debridement. The groups of patients were comparable.

Results: After surgical wound debridement, segmented neutrophils (78%-68%) were the main type of blood cells. After ultrasonic wound debridement, the amount of detritus decreased by 3.75 times. In the main group, the number of fibroblasts was 1.88 times higher than that in the comparison group. On day 4, the specific area of the granulation tissue was 1.7 times higher in the main group compared with that in the comparison group. Results of the morphometric control revealed that on day 4 the number of capillaries in the granulation tissue was 31.3  ±  2.5 units in the main group and 20.0  ±  1.12 units in the comparison group. Ultrasonic cavitation of wounds helps suppress wound infection by day 4-5 of treatment: in 82.2  ±  5.7% of the patients, the number of microorganisms per gram of tissue decreased below the “critical number”, whereas in the comparison group it was achieved in 28.9  ±  6.7% of the patients. According to laser Doppler flowmetry findings, we obtained a statistically significant increase in the mean blood flow value (M index) by 1.22 times 24-48 hours after surgical treatment. In the main group, 11.6  ±  3.4% of complications were reported, whereas in the comparison group it was 24.5  ±  4.4%, P <  .05. The mean number of operations per person was 1.6  ±  0.4 in the main group and 2.8  ±  0.5 in the comparison group, P  <  .05. The mean duration of inpatient treatment was 13.5  ±  3.4 days in the main group and 24.3  ±  2.5 days in the comparison group, P <  .01.

Conclusions: We can conclude that ultrasonic cavitation is advantageous in routine surgical debridement of gunshot wounds followed by primary or delayed primary closure.

Background: Synthetic sling surgery has become quite a popular method for stress urinary incontinence treatment over the past quarter century. The effectiveness of eliminating urinary incontinence is estimated by various authors from 70% to 95%; however, urinary disorders often develop after surgery. In some cases, conditions underlying incomplete bladder emptying occur. In addition, clinical symptoms of imperative urination disorders appear. They are generally known as de novo and manifest with urinary frequency, imperative urges, and urge incontinence. Literature shows that obstructed urination in women is also common, and synthetic sling surgery is indicated.

Objective: To assess the incidence of obstructed urination and development of incomplete bladder emptying in female patients with synthetic tapes placed under the urethra.

Material and methods: We observed a group of female patients examined at the Center for “Urination Pathology” (Vladivostok, Russian Federation) for stress urinary incontinence. The mean age in the group (40 cases) was 53.4±4.2 years (range, 35-68 years). All the patients underwent trocar synthetic sling surgery. Home uroflowmetry was performed before surgery and within 3 months after discharge.

Results: After synthetic sling surgery, the urination obstruction and probability of residual urine formation were found to increase. At the same time, there was a weak association between preoperative obstruction and difficulty after synthetic tape placement. We measured incomplete bladder emptying using a new technique: by original Russian UFM “SIGMA” uroflowmeter.

Conclusions: The study data support the need for widespread use of a new technique of noninvasive urodynamics for residual urine determination. The use of a 2-sensor uroflowmeter with an original algorithm for processing urine flow records is a fundamentally new tool for assessing the functional state of the lower urinary tract that can detect residual urine with a probability of 0.95 and help solve a rather complex clinical problem.

Background: A pressing issue in modern purulent surgery is the growing number of microbial strains resistant to antibiotics. One of the strategies to address this issue is to develop novel wound dressings (WD) with incorporation of antiseptics that can prevent or reduce infection without conventional antibiotics.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of chitosan-based WD with immobilized antiseptics and their combinations in in vitro and in vivo experiments.

Materials and methods: We conducted a multistage randomized controlled in vitro and in vivo study investigating samples of chitosan-based WD with incorporated antiseptics (polyhexanide, octenidine dihydrochloride, povidone-iodine, and a combination of polyhexanide and octenidine) in international concentrations and diluted. The antimicrobial activity of antiseptics was evaluated in vitro by broth microdilution and disk diffusion methods. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were used as reference cultures. For in vivo experiments, we formed experimental purulent wounds of soft tissues in laboratory animals (male rats weighing 300±50 g) according to our own method and treated the wounds with the investigated WD. The dynamics of the wound process was assessed by clinical and cytological data, as well as intravital ultrasonography findings.

Results: Depending on the prolongation of time to maintain an effective concentration in the wound and minimal irritating effect on the tissue, we ranked antiseptic agents as follows: polyhexanide>octenidine>povidone-iodine. The combination of polyhexanide and octenidine did not demonstrate the expected synergistic effect; however, it had a positive therapeutic effect on the wound comparable to that of other antiseptics used alone. The comprehensive assessment of the wound process showed that WD with immobilized polyhexanide demonstrated the best wound healing and antiseptic effect. Reliable signs of wound healing with further positive dynamics were observed by day 7. It was almost 2 times faster compared with other experimental samples.

Conclusions: Chitosan is a promising material to be used as a chemically inert matrix for programmed delivery of various drugs, including antimicrobial drugs, into the wound. The studied WD with immobilized antiseptics did not demonstrate a pronounced cytotoxic and depressing effect on processes of soft tissue remodeling and, on the contrary, significantly reduced the time of wound transition to the proliferation phase.

We report a case of cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis. The patient (a woman with a provisional diagnosis of Crohn disease) presented with severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. Despite difficulties in differential diagnosis, we were able to make the correct diagnosis based on findings of the histological examination of the biopsy specimens obtained during colonoscopy: intranuclear inclusions characteristic of CMV and specific CMV-associated changes in the intestinal mucosa. This case highlights the importance of histopathological examination in differential diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Objective: To demonstrate the effectiveness of a supraciliary approach in zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures treatment.

Case report: Patient A. (33-year-old man) was admitted to the Scientific Research Institute – Ochapovsky Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 (Krasnodar, Russian Federation) with a diagnosis of traumatic fractures of the right and left zygomaticomaxillary complexes. According to the medical history, the injury was caused by a car accident. The patient underwent computed tomography of the facial skeleton. Computed tomography findings: fractures of lateral and medial orbital walls, supraorbital and infraorbital rims, glabella, and nasal septum. The patient underwent repositioning of the bone fragments and internal fixation with metal implants. The glabella fracture was reduced through a supraciliary approach. The function of the mimic muscles was fully preserved. The configuration of the face and soft tissues was restored. No soft tissue edema was observed. The postoperative scar is visualized after the unfolding of the orbito-palpebral fold of the upper eyelid.

Conclusions: The systematic use of esthetic approaches by surgeons completely changes the rooted traditional way of managing patients with various maxillofacial pathologies. In addition to outstanding esthetic results, it increases the surgeons’ expertise level and the range of tasks a comprehensively developed specialist is capable of dealing with. One of the most crucial aspects is improvement of patients’ quality of life.

Objective: To demonstrate the capabilities of modern imaging modalities in diagnosis of Bland-White-Garland (BWG) syndrome (anomalous origin of the left coronary artery [AOLCA] from the pulmonary trunk) and surgical planning in a 7-year-old child.

Materials and methods: We report a case of 7-year-old patient S. with a newly diagnosed complex congenital heart defect: AOLCA from the pulmonary trunk. To establish a diagnosis and assess the spatial anatomy of great vessels and the coronary bed, the patient underwent transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA), and conventional coronary angiography. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with delayed contrast enhancement was used to assess the morphological and functional parameters of the heart and fibrotic changes in the myocardium of the left ventricle (LV).

Results: During TTE, a congenital heart defect was suspected: a coronary artery anomaly with LV systolic dysfunction and coronaryright ventricular fistulas. Preoperative CCTA detected AOLCA from the pulmonary trunk or BWG syndrome, whereas coronary-right ventricular fistulas were not confirmed. Based on the cardiac MRI findings, we diagnosed diffuse LV myocardial fibrosis (increased extracellular volume, 35%-37% in all segments) with areas of delayed intramyocardial accumulation, areas of focal fibrosis without signs of myocardial edema. The CCTA findings were confirmed by conventional coronary angiography and intraoperatively.

Discussion: The technical capabilities of modern minimally invasive cardiac imaging modalities make it possible to determine all existing surgical risks at the preoperative stage and further prognosis in patients undergoing reimplantation for coronary artery anomalies.

Conclusions: The algorithm for management of patients with suspected BWG syndrome should be determined based on the capabilities and safety of each cardiac imaging modality. Detailed and accurate assessment of coronary anatomy is a key criterion for choosing a diagnostic tool at the preoperative stage in patients undergoing reimplantation of coronary arteries. Preoperative cardiac MRI with assessment of severity of fibrotic changes in the myocardium should be used to plan management of patients with BWG syndrome and further control dynamics of morphological and functional parameters of the heart after reimplantation of coronary arteries.

The rhythmicity of life functioning processes at the cellular, organ, and system levels is one of the fundamental properties of living things. Among the wide range of biorhythms, circadian rhythms are the most important for mammals. In mammals, circadian rhythms coordinate a wide range of physiological processes with constantly changing environmental conditions, primarily with light conditions. Data on the characteristics of the circadian rhythms of the liver (the most important organ for maintaining homeostasis) are limited and sometimes even contradictory. We aim to analyze modern literature investigating the organization of circadian rhythms at the gene, cellular, and organ levels. Over the past decades, it has become known that disruption of the normal circadian rhythm of the liver underlies the development of several pathologies. This article highlights some aspects of the normal circadian rhythm functioning and the role of circadian dysfunction in the occurrence of specific pathologies. We also focus on the little-explored issue of sex differences in the circadian rhythms of the mammalian liver.

There is a clear trend towards an increase in the number of endovascular interventions for cerebral aneurysms; however, open surgery remains the method of choice for some patients with ruptured and complex aneurysms. For example, the best treatment method for aneurysms of the ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is still up to debate. A large number of publications on surgical treatment of carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms do not give clear guidelines in which cases microsurgical or endovascular techniques should be used. There are no Russian papers comparing the results of open and endovascular surgery depending on the clinical course of the disease. We analyze problems of microsurgical treatment of carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms and present data on epidemiology, variations in clinical course, topographic and anatomical features of aneurysms of the ophthalmic segment. The article discusses possibilities of modern diagnostic radiology, the choice of surgical approach, the technique of aneurysm dissection, and methods of proximal control of intraoperative bleeding. Numerous classifications of aneurysms of the ophthalmic segment of the ICA were systematized.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is an enzyme involved in the regulation of blood cholesterol levels by binding to low-density lipoprotein receptors and promoting their degradation. Pivotal studies have shown that PCSK9 inhibition by monoclonal antibodies, alirocumab and evolocumab, and the small interfering RNA (inclisiran) reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases in individuals with coronary heart disease. However, the place of the PCSK9 inhibitors in treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome has not been determined yet. The article discusses studies on the addition of PCSK9 inhibitors to therapy during the acute phase of myocardial infarction as well as pathophysiological prerequisites for their use.

In recent years, there has been an upward trend in the urolithiasis incidence worldwide and an increase in the recurrence of stone formation. Urolithiasis prevalence rates range from 1% to 20%. In some countries, there is an increase in rates up to 37%. Stones are classified into those caused by infections, non infectious causes, and genetic diseases. Alteration in urine microbiome plays a significant role in the infection stone formation. Our objective was to review the current literature on the role of bacteria in the formation of kidney concrements. The gained knowledge could be used to explore new possibilities and improve the understanding of stone formation. We analyzed articles on the composition of the urine microbiome and kidney stones.